Traffic rulesGreece
Traffic rules
Greece
1. Greece
Greece lies at the southeastern edge of Europe and occupies the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, with a mountainous mainland and a large number of islands. Traffic drives on the right, and driving conditions can vary considerably between busy cities, modern motorways, steep mountain routes and narrow island roads. Since 1 January 2026, the general speed limit on many roads inside built-up areas is 30 km/h, although wider multi-lane and divided urban roads generally retain a 50 km/h limit unless signs indicate otherwise.
Greek is the main language used on road signs and is written in the Greek alphabet. Direction signs show destinations in Greek script, with a romanised form or English translation where appropriate, which makes navigation easier for foreign drivers. Many motorways, bridges and tunnels charge tolls, while drivers on narrow mountain roads should remember a distinctive Greek priority rule: when two vehicles cannot easily pass on a steep road, the descending vehicle normally gives way to the ascending vehicle.
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Which number can you call in an emergency in Greece?
Call 112 for urgent emergency assistance. Give the operator your location and explain what happened.
What is the legal alcohol limit for drivers in Greece?
For most drivers, the blood-alcohol offence threshold starts at 0.5 g/l. The lower threshold of 0.2 g/l applies to motorcycle and moped riders as well as novice and professional drivers. These thresholds do not make drinking before driving safe.
What speed limits apply to passenger cars in Greece?
Built-up areas: Since 1 January 2026, the general maximum speed in built-up areas is 30 km/h. A limit of 50 km/h generally applies on one-way roads with at least two marked lanes, two-way roads with at least two marked lanes in each direction and two-way roads with a central reservation, unless signs indicate otherwise.
Outside built-up areas: For passenger cars, the general maximum speed on ordinary roads outside built-up areas is 90 km/h, unless signs indicate another limit.
Expressways: For passenger cars, the general maximum speed on expressways is 110 km/h, unless signs indicate another limit.
Motorways: For passenger cars, the general maximum speed on motorways is 130 km/h, unless signs indicate a lower limit.
What are the seat-belt and child-restraint rules in Greece?
Seat belts are mandatory for drivers and passengers where they are provided.
Children shorter than 135 cm must normally use an approved child restraint suited to their size. The national rules allow an adult seat belt for children at least 135 cm but shorter than 150 cm. However, a child under 12 in the front passenger seat must use an approved restraint suitable for their age, height and weight.
A rear-facing child seat must not be used in front of an active frontal airbag. The taxi exemption requires a rear seat when no child restraint is provided. Use the rear seats and a suitable child restraint whenever possible.
🔗 europa.eu • Your Europe / national authorities, Greece road rules, Seat belts and child restraints
🔗 elinyae.gr • Greek Road Traffic Code, Law 5209/2025, Articles 16 and 37, Government Gazette
🔗 api.et.gr • Official national source, supporting provision (2)
Can you use a mobile phone while driving in Greece?
A mobile phone or other telecommunications device may only be used while driving when it is mounted in a suitable position for hands-free use or navigation, or used with an appropriate wireless hands-free device. Holding and actively using the device while driving is prohibited.
🔗 europa.eu • Your Europe / national authorities, Greece road rules, Mobile telephone
What safety equipment should you carry in a car in Greece?
Cars should carry a warning triangle, first-aid kit and fire extinguisher.
Can a visitor use a driving licence issued in another EU country in Greece?
Yes. A valid, full EU driving licence is recognised for the vehicle categories it covers. You must meet the applicable minimum age. A learner licence or a temporary replacement certificate does not have the same automatic recognition.
Are motorcycle helmets compulsory in Greece?
Yes. On an ordinary, open motorcycle, both the rider and passenger must wear a protective helmet. Use a helmet that meets the applicable approval requirements and fasten it correctly. Check the specific rules before relying on an exemption for an enclosed or specially equipped vehicle.
🔗 europa.eu • Your Europe / national authorities, Greece road rules
2. Motorway
A motorway is a road specially designed and signposted for motor traffic. Motorways normally have separate carriageways for opposing traffic, controlled access through designated entrances and exits, no direct access to neighbouring properties, and no level crossings with other roads, railways or paths.
Special traffic rules apply on motorways. The permitted road users, speed limits, lane rules, tolls and emergency procedures vary between countries, so drivers must follow the local traffic signs and regulations.
Wikimedia.org • Christaras A • CC BY-SA
How do people refer to a motorway in Greece?
The Greek term is αυτοκινητόδρομος (aftokinitodromos). The code separately refers to roads for fast traffic; follow the motorway designation and signs on the road you enter.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 33
Start of a motorway.
English • Traffic sign Π-27 • Motorway.
Ελληνικά • Π-27 • Αυτοκινητόδρομος.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 4 περ. λστ
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Π-27
SVG source: Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2010-09-28. Wikimedia original unmodified.
End of the motorway.
English • Traffic sign Π-27α • End of motorway.
Ελληνικά • Π-27α • Τέλος αυτοκινητόδρομου.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 4 περ. λζ
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Π-27α
SVG source: Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2010-09-28. Wikimedia original unmodified.
What speed limit applies to cars on a motorway in Greece?
For an ordinary passenger car without a trailer, the general maximum is 130 km/h. Obey lower posted limits and reduce speed when traffic, weather or visibility requires it. Different limits can apply to other vehicle classes.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 33
Who may use a motorway in Greece?
Pedestrians, cyclists, animals and non-motorised vehicles are prohibited. Ordinary motor vehicles must be able to travel faster than 70 km/h on a level road; the law also provides specific exceptions. Slow traffic or unsafe conditions still require a lower driving speed.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 33
What should I do if I miss a motorway exit in Greece?
Continue to the next exit and choose a safe onward route. Do not reverse, make a U-turn or cross the central reservation to return to a missed exit.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 33
3. Speed limit
A speed limit is the maximum legal speed permitted on a road, lane or within a designated area. It may be established by general traffic law or indicated by fixed, variable or temporary traffic signs.
A speed limit is a maximum, not a target speed. Drivers must travel more slowly whenever traffic, visibility, weather, road conditions, vulnerable road users or the condition of the vehicle make the maximum permitted speed unsafe.
Wikimedia.org • Nikater • CC BY-SA
Which general speed limits should car drivers know in Greece?
For an ordinary car, the general urban maximum is 30 km/h from 1 January 2026, with specified road-layout exceptions at 50 km/h. Outside built-up areas, the usual maxima are 90 km/h on ordinary paved roads, 110 km/h on expressways and 130 km/h on motorways. Unpaved roads have a separate general maximum of 40 km/h unless signs indicate otherwise. Follow applicable signs and lower vehicle-specific limits.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 114(1); signs Article 7
🔗 api.et.gr • Greece, Law 5322/2026 — Articles 75–76 amending Code 24 and 44
Start of a speed limit.
English • Traffic sign Ρ-32 • Maximum speed: 60 km/h. The maximum speed is the value shown. If a supplementary plate states a weight in tonnes, the restriction applies to vehicles whose total weight exceeds that value.
Ελληνικά • Ρ-32 • Η μέγιστη ταχύτητα περιορίζεται στον αναγραφόμενο αριθμό: 60 χιλιόμετρα την ώρα. Αν σε πρόσθετη πινακίδα αναγράφεται αριθμός τόνων, ο περιορισμός αφορά οχήματα συνολικού βάρους που υπερβαίνει τον αριθμό αυτό.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 3 περ. λβ
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Ρ-32
SVG source: Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2022-01-28. Wikimedia original unmodified.
End of the speed limit.
English • Traffic sign Ρ-37 • End of the 60 km/h speed limit imposed by a prohibitory sign.
Ελληνικά • Ρ-37 • Τέλος του ορίου ταχύτητας των 60 χιλιομέτρων την ώρα που είχε επιβληθεί με απαγορευτική πινακίδα.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 3 περ. λζ
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Ρ-37
SVG source: Peeperman • Public domain • Original revision 2022-02-10. Wikimedia original unmodified.
Which Greek urban roads have the 50 km/h exception to the 30 km/h default?
The statutory exception covers one-way roads with at least two marked lanes, two-way roads with at least two marked lanes in each direction, and two-way roads with a central reservation. Follow a different applicable signed limit. The presence of buildings alone does not explain which exception applies.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 114(1); signs Article 7
🔗 api.et.gr • Greece, Law 5322/2026 — Articles 75–76 amending Code 24 and 44
Can I assume a Greek urban road still has the old general 50 km/h limit?
No. The new general 30 km/h urban rule took effect on 1 January 2026. Check whether the road meets a statutory 50 km/h exception or has a different signed restriction; older travel guidance can describe the previous rule.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 114(1); signs Article 7
🔗 api.et.gr • Greece, Law 5322/2026 — Articles 75–76 amending Code 24 and 44
What is the speed limit on unpaved roads outside Greek built-up areas?
The general maximum is 40 km/h on unpaved roads outside built-up areas, unless traffic signs establish another limit. Do not apply the ordinary 90 km/h rural-road maximum merely because the road is outside a town.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 24, 114(1); signs Article 7
🔗 api.et.gr • Greece, Law 5322/2026 — Articles 75–76 amending Code 24 and 44
4. Quay
A quay is a constructed area beside a river, canal, harbour or other body of water, commonly used for loading, unloading, mooring vessels or providing waterside access. A road may run alongside the water or lead directly towards the quay edge.
In road traffic, a quay warning indicates a risk that a vehicle could leave the road and enter the water. Drivers should reduce speed, observe the road layout carefully and keep a safe distance from the waterside edge.
Wikimedia.org • Uwe Holzer • CC BY-SA
What should I watch for near a quay or waterside road in Greece?
Look for an unprotected or poorly protected water’s edge, bends leading towards the water, barriers and local access controls. A quay can be an operational port area or a public waterside road; do not infer the traffic arrangement from the presence of water alone.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
How should I choose a safe speed beside water in Greece?
Use the applicable road or local speed limit and slow further for the foreseeable waterside danger. A hazard warning is not a promise that driving at the maximum is safe. Keep enough visibility and control to avoid the edge, pedestrians, loading activity or a blocked route.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
Does a quay warning allow me to enter or park beside the water in Greece?
Check the actual access and parking restrictions, including any port or dock controls. A waterside warning does not provide permission to enter a restricted facility or park on the edge. Keep the required passage clear and use a permitted place without endangering traffic or people beside the water.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
5. Slope
A slope is a section of road that rises or descends noticeably. A steep slope can affect vehicle speed, braking distance, traction, visibility and the ability of heavy or low-powered vehicles to maintain a steady speed.
Warning signs may indicate a steep ascent or dangerous descent and may show the gradient as a percentage. Drivers should adjust their speed early, select a suitable gear and remain prepared for slow vehicles, bends and changing road conditions.
Wikimedia.org • Syced • CC0
What does a steep-slope warning mean in Greece?
Greek warning signs distinguish a dangerous descent from a steep ascent and can state the gradient. These warnings call for an early adjustment of speed; they are separate from a mandatory speed limit.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
Warning for a steep ascent.
English • Traffic sign Κ-4 • Steep ascent. The gradient is as shown on the sign.
Ελληνικά • Κ-4 • Απότομη ανωφέρεια (με κλίση ως η αναγραφόμενη στην πινακίδα).
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Gigillo83 • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 2 περ. στ
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Κ-4
SVG source: Gigillo83 • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2022-01-11. Wikimedia original unmodified.
Warning for a steep descent.
English • Traffic sign Κ-3 • Dangerous descent. The gradient is as shown on the sign.
Ελληνικά • Κ-3 • Επικίνδυνη κατωφέρεια (με κλίση ως η αναγραφόμενη στην πινακίδα).
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Gigillo83 • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 2 περ. ε
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Κ-3
SVG source: Gigillo83 • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2022-01-11. Wikimedia original unmodified.
How should I approach a steep descent in Greece?
Reduce speed before the descent and select a suitable gear to help control the vehicle. Keep enough following distance and avoid building up speed that requires continuous heavy braking. A warning gives no fixed safe descent speed: the gradient, surface, visibility, load and vehicle can require a speed well below the legal maximum.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
What should I check when meeting or overtaking on a slope in Greece?
On a steep road where meeting is difficult, the downhill driver normally gives way to the uphill vehicle. Read the Code’s provisions for reversing and vehicle classes where neither vehicle can pass without a manoeuvre.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
6. Roundabout
A roundabout is a circular road arrangement in which traffic travels around a central island in one designated direction. Vehicles enter and leave through connecting roads, and traffic signs or local rules determine who has priority.
Drivers should reduce speed, choose a suitable lane, observe all road users and signal as required when leaving. The direction of travel, entry priority, lane use and rules for cyclists and pedestrians depend on local traffic signs and regulations.
Wikimedia.org • vitsoft • CC BY
Who has priority at a roundabout in Greece?
Do not assume that every Greek roundabout gives circulating vehicles priority. The 2025 Code uses priority from the right at junctions without a different priority indication, so entry traffic may have priority. Read the give-way signs and other controls before proceeding.
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5256/2025 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5290/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5313/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5322/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, amendment Law5338/2026
Mandatory roundabout direction.
English • Traffic sign Ρ-53 • Compulsory roundabout circulation.
Ελληνικά • Ρ-53 • Κυκλική υποχρεωτική διαδρομή.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 3 περ. νη
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Ρ-53
SVG source: Peeperman • Public domain • Original revision 2022-03-04. Wikimedia original unmodified.
Warning for a roundabout.
English • Traffic sign Κ-30 • Roundabout ahead. Approaching a junction with compulsory circulation around a central island.
Ελληνικά • Κ-30 • Προσέγγιση σε κυκλική υποχρεωτική πορεία.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org (Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0)
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 2 περ. λε
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Κ-30
SVG source: Christaras A • CC BY-SA 3.0 • Original revision 2022-03-04. Wikimedia original unmodified.
How should you choose a roundabout lane in Greece?
Choose your intended exit before entering and follow the lane arrows and destination signs. Keep to the marked route and make any permitted lane change only when safe; having priority over entering traffic does not give you priority to change lanes.
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5256/2025 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5290/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5313/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5322/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, amendment Law5338/2026
What should you check when leaving a roundabout in Greece?
Check the lane you will cross or enter, signal the manoeuvre as required and look for cyclists and pedestrians at the exit. Obey any separate crossing controls and do not force an exit across another vehicle’s path.
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5256/2025 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5290/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5313/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek Gazette, Law5322/2026 amendment
🔗 api.et.gr • Greek National Printing Office, amendment Law5338/2026
7. Curve
A curve is a section of road that changes direction to the left or right. A sharp, unexpected or poorly visible curve can reduce a driver’s view of approaching traffic, stopped vehicles, pedestrians and other hazards.
Drivers should reduce speed before entering the curve, remain within their lane and use smooth steering, braking and acceleration. Warning signs may indicate the direction of the first curve or a series of successive curves.
Wikimedia.org • Nicolas Vigier • CC0
What makes a bend dangerous in Greece?
Curves shorten your view of the road ahead and can reduce the margin for correcting a mistake. Drivers may encounter sharp curves on island roads and steep mountain routes; the safe speed can be well below the posted maximum. Watch for changing road surfaces and people or vehicles hidden beyond the curve.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
How should you approach a sharp curve in Greece?
Slow down before the bend, select the correct lane position, look through the curve and steer smoothly. Keep enough grip and visible stopping distance for the road and weather conditions.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
Is overtaking safe on a blind bend in Greece?
No. Do not start overtaking where your view of oncoming traffic is obstructed or where signs or road markings prohibit it. Wait until there is a lawful, clear and sufficiently long view ahead.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 23–24, 38, 43
Warning for a curve to the left.
English • Traffic sign Κ-1α • Dangerous bend to the left.
Ελληνικά • Κ-1α • Επικίνδυνη αριστερή στροφή.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 2 περ. α
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Κ-1α
SVG source: Peeperman • Public domain • Original revision 2017-12-04. Wikimedia original unmodified.
Warning for a curve to the right.
English • Traffic sign Κ-1δ • Dangerous bend to the right.
Ελληνικά • Κ-1δ • Επικίνδυνη δεξιά στροφή.
Sources
🔗 Commons.wikimedia.org
🔗 Aade.gr • Ν. 5209/2025 • ΚΟΚ • άρθρο 7 παρ. 2 περ. β
🔗 Aade.gr • Παράρτημα Α΄ • Κ-1δ
SVG source: Peeperman • Public domain • Original revision 2017-12-18. Wikimedia original unmodified.
8. Wrong-way driving
Wrong-way driving occurs when a driver travels against the legally permitted direction of traffic. It may happen on a one-way road, divided road, motorway entrance or exit, or another road section reserved for traffic travelling in one direction.
Wrong-way driving creates an extreme risk of a head-on collision. Drivers must follow direction signs, no-entry signs, lane arrows and road markings. Anyone who accidentally enters a road in the wrong direction should slow down, warn other traffic, stop in the safest available place and contact the emergency services.
Wikimedia.org • Jeanhousen • CC BY-SA
How can you avoid driving the wrong way in Greece?
Traffic normally keeps right here. Keep to the correct side of the road and use no-entry and one-way signs to identify prohibited approaches; do not enter an exit ramp against its permitted direction.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 20, 28, 33
What signs can prevent wrong-way driving in Greece?
Read no-entry signs, one-way signs, lane arrows and temporary directions together; a wide road is not automatically two-way. Before entering a motorway, expressway, one-way street or slip road, check the permitted direction rather than relying only on a navigation app.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 7, 20, 28, 33
9. Traffic lights
Traffic lights use coloured lights, arrows or symbols to regulate when road users may proceed, must prepare to stop or must remain stopped. Separate signals may apply to particular directions, lanes, pedestrians, cyclists or public-transport vehicles.
A green light permits movement only when the route is clear and the movement is otherwise legal. Road users must still follow priority rules, turning restrictions, lane markings and instructions from authorised traffic controllers.
Wikimedia.org • George_E._Koronaios • CC BY-SA
What must a driver do at red, amber and green signals in Greece?
Red means stop. Steady amber also requires stopping unless you are too close to stop safely. Green permits movement only in a lawful direction, with due care for other road users. Follow the applicable stop line, directional signals and junction-clearance rules.
May you turn at a red traffic light in Greece?
A plain red signal does not permit a turn. Proceed only under an applicable directional signal or an authorised traffic officer’s instruction; do not infer permission simply because the junction appears clear.
Can a green light remove the need to give way to pedestrians in Greece?
No. Drivers on green must yield to pedestrians still clearing from an earlier signal phase, and turning drivers must give way to pedestrians crossing the road they are entering.
10. Traffic mirror
A traffic mirror is a convex mirror installed near an intersection, driveway, bend or other location with restricted visibility. Its curved surface provides a wider view of approaching road users than an ordinary flat mirror.
A traffic mirror is only a visibility aid. It may distort distance, speed and direction and may be affected by darkness, weather, dirt or damage. Drivers must continue to observe the road directly, obey all priority rules and proceed only when it is safe.
Wikimedia.org • Stefan_Bellini • CC0
What is a traffic mirror?
A traffic mirror is a roadside visibility aid that can help users see around a blind corner or obstruction. It gives an indirect view, which may be restricted or distorted; it does not replace checking whether it is safe to proceed.
🔗 monmouthshire.gov.uk • Monmouthshire Council, roadside visibility mirrors
🔗 devon.gov.uk • Devon County Council, mirrors on the highway
Does a traffic mirror show an exact image?
No. The reflected image can be distorted, and glare, bad weather or dirt can restrict the view. Judging an approaching vehicle’s speed from a mirror can be difficult. Do not rely on the mirror alone.
🔗 monmouthshire.gov.uk • Monmouthshire Council, roadside visibility mirrors
🔗 devon.gov.uk • Devon County Council, mirrors on the highway
Does seeing an empty mirror mean the road is clear?
No. Another road user may be outside the reflected area, hidden by glare or too small to notice. Always check the road directly before proceeding.
🔗 monmouthshire.gov.uk • Monmouthshire Council, roadside visibility mirrors
🔗 devon.gov.uk • Devon County Council, mirrors on the highway
11. Reversing
Reversing means driving a vehicle backwards. It is commonly used when parking, leaving a confined space or repositioning a vehicle where forward movement is not practical.
Before reversing, the driver should check mirrors and blind spots, look carefully around the vehicle and make sure the area behind is clear. Reversing should be performed slowly and only for as long as necessary because visibility behind the vehicle is often limited.
Wikimedia.org • Kārlis Dambrāns • CC BY
Can you reverse on Greek motorways or expressways?
No. Reversing is prohibited.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 20, 27–28, 33
Can you reverse in a specially signed Greek tunnel?
No. U-turns are also prohibited.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 20, 27–28, 33
12. U-turn
A U-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a vehicle turns around to travel in the opposite direction. It normally involves crossing part of the roadway and re-entering traffic facing the direction from which the vehicle came.
Before making a U-turn, the driver should check surrounding traffic, pedestrians and cyclists, signal when required and make sure there is enough visibility and space to complete the manoeuvre safely. U-turns may be prohibited by traffic signs or on particular types of roads.
Wikimedia.org • Lemur12 • CC BY
Can you use Greek motorway median gaps to turn around?
No. U-turns and driving across the central reservation or connecting passages are prohibited.
🔗 aade.gr • Greece, Road Traffic Code 5209/2025 — articles 20, 27–28, 33
13. City limit
A city limit is a boundary or roadside indication showing that a driver is entering or leaving a named city, town, village, locality or municipality. It is commonly marked by a place-name or boundary sign.
The meaning of these signs varies between countries. A city-limit or locality sign may identify an administrative boundary, a named settlement or a traffic-related boundary. It does not necessarily mark the beginning or end of a legally defined built-up area, and passing the sign does not always change the applicable speed limit or other traffic rules.
Wikimedia.org • Chabe01 • CC BY-SA
What is a city limit?
A city limit identifies the boundary of a named city, town or municipality. A roadside place-name or boundary sign may identify that boundary, a locality or a legally defined built-up area; its exact meaning depends on the sign system.
🔗 gov.uk • UK Department for Transport, Know Your Traffic Signs, boundary signs
City limit.
End of city limit.
Does a city-limit sign always mark a built-up area?
No. A city-limit or locality sign may simply identify a place or administrative boundary. A legally defined built-up area can use a different sign or definition.
🔗 gov.uk • UK Department for Transport, Know Your Traffic Signs, boundary signs
What is the difference between a city limit and a built-up area?
A city limit identifies the boundary of a named place or administrative area. A built-up area is a traffic-law concept that may affect rules such as default speed limits. The two boundaries can coincide, but they do not have to.
🔗 gov.uk • UK Department for Transport, Know Your Traffic Signs, boundary signs
14. Tourist attraction
A tourist attraction is a place of interest that visitors may travel to for cultural, historical, recreational, natural or entertainment purposes. Examples include monuments, castles, museums, scenic sites, amusement parks and other notable destinations.
Tourist attractions may be indicated by tourist or direction signs that help travellers find the destination. The colours, symbols and types of attractions shown vary between countries.
Wikimedia.org • Jean Housen • CC BY-SA
Can tourist attractions be indicated by road signs?
Yes. Many countries use tourist or direction signs to guide travellers toward important attractions and places of interest.
15. Licence plate
A licence plate, also called a registration plate or number plate, is a plate displaying a unique registration identifier assigned to a vehicle by the competent registration authority. It allows the vehicle to be identified for purposes such as registration, traffic enforcement, taxation, insurance and parking control.
The appearance, format, placement and number of plates required vary between countries and vehicle categories. Drivers must ensure that required licence plates are correctly fitted, clearly visible and legible and must follow the local rules when a plate is lost, stolen, damaged or replaced.
Wikimedia.org • Dromeascr • CC BY-SA
What is a licence plate?
A licence plate is a plate displaying the registration identifier assigned to a vehicle. It allows authorities and other authorised systems to identify the vehicle's registration.
Is a licence plate the same as a registration plate?
Yes. Licence plate, registration plate and number plate are different terms commonly used for the plate displaying a vehicle's official registration number.
What should you do if a licence plate is lost or stolen?
Follow the local reporting and replacement procedure. For example, UK guidance says stolen plates should be reported to the police and DVLA, and replacement plates are needed before driving. Check the registration authority’s procedure for a lost plate; it may differ from the theft process.
16. Bus
A bus is a motor vehicle designed to transport multiple passengers, usually along roads as part of public transport, school transport, private transport or another passenger service. Buses generally have more passenger capacity than cars and may be designed to carry seated passengers, standing passengers or both.
Special rules may apply to buses concerning the driving licence, passenger capacity, speed limits, seat belts, bus lanes, stops and passenger boarding. The legal classification of buses and coaches and the rules applying to them vary between countries, so drivers and passengers must follow the local traffic regulations.
Wikimedia.org • Максим Улитин • CC BY
What is a bus?
A bus is a motor vehicle designed to transport a relatively large number of passengers. It may be used for public transport, school transport, private services or other passenger transport.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 83–88; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 221–223; national guidance example
Do buses always have priority when leaving a bus stop?
No. Some countries require other drivers to give way to buses leaving designated stops, particularly in urban areas, while others apply the normal merging rules.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 83–88; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 221–223; national guidance example
Do buses have special speed limits?
They can. Some countries impose lower maximum speeds on buses than on passenger cars, particularly on high-speed roads. Different limits may apply to buses and coaches.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 83–88; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 221–223; national guidance example
17. Police
Police are public authorities responsible for enforcing laws, maintaining public safety and managing situations that may affect road traffic. In traffic, police officers may control vehicles, enforce traffic rules, investigate collisions, direct traffic and respond to emergencies.
Road users must follow lawful instructions given by police officers or other authorised traffic-control personnel. Police directions may temporarily override traffic lights, road signs or normal traffic arrangements, depending on local law.
Wikimedia.org • CeeGee • CC BY-SA
What is the role of police in road traffic?
Police help enforce traffic law, investigate collisions and respond to risks on the road. For example, Greater Manchester Police describe targeted road enforcement, a round-the-clock roads-policing response and specialist serious-collision investigation. Exact responsibilities and powers vary by jurisdiction.
🔗 gmp.police.uk • Greater Manchester Police, Roads Policing Strategy2024–2026
Must you obey a police officer directing traffic?
Yes. Lawful directions given by an authorised police officer must be followed. In many countries, those directions take precedence over traffic lights, road signs and normal priority rules.
What should you do if police signal you to stop?
Slow down, follow the officer's directions and stop at a safe location as instructed. Do not make sudden movements or continue driving unless directed to do so.
18. Ambulance
An ambulance is a vehicle equipped and used to provide emergency medical assistance or transport patients to or between healthcare facilities. Ambulances may carry medical equipment and trained personnel who can provide treatment during transport.
During an emergency response, an ambulance may use warning lights and a siren and may receive special priority or exemptions from certain traffic rules. Other road users must follow the local rules for emergency vehicles, make sufficient space and avoid obstructing their passage.
Wikimedia.org • Jeanhousen • CC BY-SA
What is an ambulance?
An ambulance is a specially equipped vehicle used to provide emergency medical assistance and transport sick or injured people.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rule 219, emergency vehicles; national guidance example
What should you do when an ambulance approaches?
Make space safely for an ambulance on an emergency response, following the local rules and any lawful directions. Slow down or stop where necessary without sudden or dangerous movements. Do not assume that its emergency status allows you to pass a red light or disregard another traffic control.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rule 219, emergency vehicles; national guidance example
Can an ambulance exceed the speed limit?
Many countries permit emergency vehicles to depart from certain normal speed rules during an urgent mission, subject to safety requirements and national legislation.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rule 219, emergency vehicles; national guidance example
19. European emission standard
A European emission standard, commonly called a Euro standard, is a European vehicle classification based on limits for pollutants emitted by vehicles and their engines. Successive standards, such as Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6, introduced progressively stricter requirements for pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
A vehicle's Euro standard is determined as part of its type approval and depends on factors including the vehicle category, fuel type and applicable emissions legislation when it was approved. Euro standards may also be used by authorities to determine access to low-emission zones, but local access rules vary between countries and cities.
Wikimedia.org • Rfeba • CC0
What is a European emission standard?
A European emission standard, or Euro standard, classifies vehicles according to the emissions requirements they had to satisfy when approved for use in the European market.
🔗 consilium.europa.eu • Council of the EU, Euro 7 adoption explanation, 12 April 2024
What do Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 mean?
Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 identify successive stages of European vehicle-pollutant requirements. The applicable limits depend on the vehicle, engine and pollutant, so a higher number does not mean that every individual numerical limit changed. Later stages can also alter testing and durability requirements.
🔗 consilium.europa.eu • Council of the EU, Euro 7 adoption explanation, 12 April 2024
Can petrol and diesel vehicles with the same Euro number have different emission limits?
Yes. The applicable emission limits and testing requirements can differ according to the vehicle category, engine and fuel type even when vehicles belong to the same general Euro generation.
🔗 consilium.europa.eu • Council of the EU, Euro 7 adoption explanation, 12 April 2024
20. Pothole
A pothole is a hole or depression in the road surface caused by wear, weather, water, repeated traffic loads or deterioration of the pavement. Potholes can vary greatly in size and depth and may develop gradually or become worse after freezing, heavy rain or repeated vehicle traffic.
Potholes can affect steering, braking and vehicle stability and may damage tyres, wheels or suspension components. Drivers and riders should observe the road ahead, adapt their speed and avoid sudden or dangerous manoeuvres when encountering damaged road surfaces.
Wikimedia.org • State Farm • CC BY
What is a pothole?
A pothole is a hole or depression that develops in a road surface when the pavement becomes damaged or deteriorates.
What should you do when you see a pothole?
Reduce speed when necessary, maintain control of the vehicle and avoid abrupt steering or braking. Only move around the pothole when this can be done safely without endangering other road users.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 226–237; national guidance example
Are potholes dangerous for cyclists?
Yes. Bicycle wheels can be strongly affected by deep holes or sharp edges, particularly when the cyclist has little time or space to avoid the hazard.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 226–237; national guidance example
21. Path
A path is a relatively narrow route intended for pedestrians and, where permitted, other road users or small vehicles. Paths may run through urban areas, countryside, parks, forests or between other roads and can be surfaced or unsurfaced.
A path is not necessarily the same as a footpath or cycle path. The road users permitted to use it depend on its legal status, width, traffic signs and local regulations.
Wikimedia.org • Tangopaso • CC0
Is a path the same as a footpath?
Not necessarily. A footpath is specifically intended for pedestrians, while a path may also permit cyclists or other users according to local rules.
Can cyclists use a path?
This depends on the legal status, width and signs applying to the path. Some paths permit cyclists, while others are reserved for pedestrians or particular users.
Can motor vehicles use a path?
This depends on local law. Some paths prohibit motor vehicles entirely, while narrow vehicles may be permitted on other paths unless traffic signs restrict access.
Who has priority when a path joins a larger road?
The applicable local priority rules determine who must give way. Special rules often apply when a minor path joins an ordinary road.
22. Particulates
Particulates, or particulate matter (PM), are tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air. In road traffic, particulate emissions can come from vehicle exhaust, brake wear, tyre wear and road-surface wear, as well as dust that is disturbed by passing traffic.
Particulate matter is commonly classified by particle size. PM10 refers to particles with a diameter of up to approximately 10 micrometres, while PM2.5 refers to finer particles of up to approximately 2.5 micrometres. Vehicle emission standards, particulate filters and air-quality measures are used to reduce exposure to these pollutants.
Wikimedia.org • wili hybrid • CC BY
What are particulates?
Particulates, or particulate matter, are very small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
What are PM10 and PM2.5?
PM10 refers to particles with a diameter of up to approximately 10 micrometres. PM2.5 refers to finer particles with a diameter of up to approximately 2.5 micrometres.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
Where do traffic particulates come from?
Road traffic can produce particles through engine exhaust, brake wear, tyre wear and road-surface wear. Passing traffic can also resuspend dust already present on the road.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
23. Air pollution
Air pollution is the presence of gases, particles or other substances in the air at concentrations that can harm human health, the environment or ecosystems. Road traffic contributes to air pollution through exhaust emissions and through non-exhaust sources such as brake wear, tyre wear and road dust.
Important traffic-related pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Some pollutants are emitted directly by vehicles, while others can form in the atmosphere through chemical reactions. Vehicle-emission standards, cleaner technologies and traffic-management measures are used to reduce these emissions.
Wikimedia.org • Emmanuelkwizera • CC BY-SA
What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the presence of harmful gases, particles or other contaminants in the air. Road transport can contribute through engine emissions, vehicle wear and dust; the sources and pollutants differ by vehicle and conditions.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
How does road traffic cause air pollution?
Vehicles with combustion engines can emit exhaust pollutants. Road traffic also produces particles through brake, tyre and road-surface wear and can stir up road dust. Vehicles without tailpipe emissions can still contribute to these non-exhaust sources.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
Which air pollutants are associated with road traffic?
Important traffic-related pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Their relative importance depends on the vehicle, fuel and driving conditions.
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics
🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources
🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension
24. Rush hour
Rush hour is a period when roads and public transport networks experience particularly high demand, commonly because large numbers of people are travelling to or from work, school or other regular destinations. It usually occurs during the morning and late afternoon or evening on working days.
Rush-hour traffic can result in congestion, slower speeds, longer journeys and frequent stopping. Drivers should maintain a safe following distance, remain patient, anticipate changing traffic conditions and follow any temporary or dynamic traffic-management measures.
Wikimedia.org • MDRX • CC BY-SA
What is rush hour?
Rush hour is a period when unusually large numbers of people travel at the same time, resulting in increased traffic and often congestion.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 126 and 133–134; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 174 and 192; national guidance example
Should you increase your following distance in rush-hour traffic?
Yes. Leave sufficient distance to react to sudden braking and frequent changes in traffic speed. Avoid following another vehicle too closely even when traffic is moving slowly.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 126 and 133–134; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 174 and 192; national guidance example
Can speed limits change during rush hour?
Yes. Roads equipped with variable traffic management may display lower speed limits during congestion. Drivers must follow the speed limit currently indicated.
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 126 and 133–134; national guidance example
🔗 gov.uk • Great Britain Highway Code, Rules 174 and 192; national guidance example
25. Road code
A road code is a collection of laws and traffic rules that regulate how people use public roads. It establishes rules for drivers, cyclists, pedestrians and other road users and covers subjects such as priority, speed, overtaking, parking, traffic lights, road signs and road markings.
Road codes differ between countries and sometimes between regions. Every road user is expected to know and follow the rules that apply where they are travelling, even when those rules differ from those in their home country.
Are road codes the same in every country?
No. Although many traffic rules and signs are similar internationally, each country establishes its own traffic legislation and may apply different rules, signs, speed limits and requirements.