道路標識オーストラリア

Wrong-way driving means travelling against the legally permitted direction of traffic.

It can occur on one-way streets, divided roads, motorways, slip roads, tunnels, car parks and temporary traffic arrangements.

Other drivers do not expect approaching traffic in their lane, and the combined speeds can make a head-on collision extremely severe.

Look for no-entry signs, one-way signs, mandatory-direction signs, lane arrows and road markings. Motorway exits may also have repeated signs or warning systems facing the wrong direction.

Entering past a no-entry sign can cause wrong-way driving, but the term also covers turning around on a divided road or using the wrong carriageway without passing such a sign.

Normally, yes. However, signs may expressly permit certain road users, such as cyclists or public transport, to travel in the opposite direction.

No. A cyclist, bus or other road user travelling in an expressly authorised contraflow lane or direction is using the road legally.

Yes. Temporary signs, barriers, lane signals and markings may redirect traffic onto another lane or carriageway. Follow the temporary arrangement rather than the usual road layout.

Reduce speed immediately, keep as far as safely possible towards the outer edge of your carriageway and avoid sudden lane changes. Warn the police or emergency services as soon as this can be done safely.

No. Do not block, chase or turn after the vehicle. Protect yourself and allow trained emergency services to intervene.

A brief warning may help the driver recognise the error, but avoid prolonged or aggressive signalling that could cause panic or an unpredictable manoeuvre.

Use the horn only when reasonably necessary to warn of immediate danger. Your first priority is to reduce speed and create as much safe space as possible.

Normally not. Sudden stopping may cause a rear-end collision. Slow down and move towards a safe shoulder, refuge or other protected location where possible.

Reduce speed, stop overtaking, increase your following distance and remain in the lane or position recommended by the local authorities or warning system.

Avoid unnecessary use of lanes nearest opposing or central traffic when a wrong-way driver has been reported. Follow local emergency guidance and electronic signs.

Slow down immediately, activate the hazard warning lights and use dipped headlights where required. Move to the safest available edge or shoulder and stop.

No. Increasing speed greatly increases the collision risk. Stop safely and wait for instructions from the police.

No. Do not turn across live lanes, cross a central reservation or attempt to correct the mistake through another dangerous manoeuvre.

No. Reversing against traffic or along a motorway slip road creates additional danger. Stop safely and contact the emergency services.

This depends on the location and immediate danger. Remain protected from moving traffic and follow instructions from the emergency services. Do not stand in a live lane.

Stop safely before using a handheld phone. A passenger may call while the vehicle is moving when local law permits and this can be done without distracting the driver.

Report the road name or number, direction, nearby exit or landmark, vehicle description and the wrong-way driver’s approximate location and direction.

Possible causes include confusion at junctions, poor visibility, unfamiliar roads, impairment, navigation errors, turning around illegally or deliberately ignoring traffic signs.

Slow down at unfamiliar junctions, read signs before turning, verify the road layout and do not rely exclusively on navigation instructions.

No. Traffic signs, signals, markings and instructions from authorised persons always take precedence over navigation guidance.

It prohibits vehicles whose total height exceeds the displayed value from continuing beyond the sign.

It is commonly a circular regulatory sign showing a height in metres, feet or another local unit between vertical arrows.

The height includes the vehicle, its load and any attached equipment, such as roof boxes, bicycles, machinery, antennas or raised loading equipment.

Yes. Every part of a vehicle combination must fit beneath the restriction, including the towing vehicle, trailer and load.

Not necessarily. Road authorities may display a lower value than the measured clearance to provide a safety margin.

The legal wording commonly prohibits vehicles higher than the displayed value, but drivers should not attempt to pass without a practical safety margin. Measurement errors, movement and road conditions can reduce the available clearance.

Loading, tyre pressure, suspension settings, raised equipment, replacement tyres and road movement can alter the vehicle’s total height.

Yes. The vehicle may rise or lower depending on its suspension mode, speed and load. Use the maximum travelling height when planning the route.

Yes. An arched bridge, tunnel roof or overhead structure may provide different clearance in each lane. Follow lane-specific signs and markings.

Yes. Clearance may be lower near the edge of an arch or where the road slopes sideways. Remain within the authorised marked path.

Yes. A new road surface can raise the road level and reduce the space beneath a bridge or structure.

Yes. Material on the road can raise the vehicle or restrict the usable route. Flooding may also conceal the road surface or another hazard.

They are common at bridges, tunnels, car parks, loading areas, gateways, railway structures and roads with overhead equipment.

It is normally a prohibition. A vehicle that exceeds the displayed height may not pass.

No. The applicable road or posted speed limit remains in force, although drivers should approach cautiously.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Yes. An advance sign may show the restriction and the distance to it so that high vehicles can choose another route.

Do not continue. Stop where safe and follow the signed diversion or another suitable route. Do not reverse into traffic without assistance.

No. Navigation may contain outdated or incomplete vehicle restrictions. Traffic signs and the actual road conditions always take precedence.

Yes. Drivers of trucks, buses, motorhomes and vehicles carrying roof loads should know and, where useful, display the vehicle’s maximum travelling height inside the cab.

Stop before the restriction in a safe place and verify the vehicle’s height. Choose another route when safe clearance cannot be confirmed.

Only when signs and markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Do not cross a closed lane, continuous line or opposing traffic merely to gain clearance.

Only in a safe place and when the equipment can be secured correctly afterwards. Never stop beneath the structure or in a live lane to alter the vehicle.

Stop immediately where safe, activate the hazard warning lights and contact the emergency services or police. Do not continue because the vehicle, load or structure may be unstable.

No, when damage may have occurred. Keep away from the structure and follow instructions from the police, road authority or railway operator.

It warns that vehicle speeds may be measured or enforced on the road ahead or throughout a specified section.

No. A speed-limit sign establishes the maximum legal speed. A radar sign only warns that compliance with an applicable limit may be monitored.

Check the most recent speed-limit sign, variable sign, speed-zone sign or general limit applying to the road and vehicle category.

No. It does not normally change the existing limit. Drivers must nevertheless travel more slowly when traffic, visibility, weather or road conditions require it.

It may announce a permanent camera, a mobile-control area or a section where enforcement can occur. The exact meaning depends on the country and sign design.

No. Drivers should never rely on assumptions about whether equipment is operating and should respect the speed limit at all times.

A fixed speed camera is permanently installed at a particular location and measures the speed of passing vehicles.

A mobile speed camera is temporarily positioned in a police vehicle, trailer, roadside unit or another approved location.

Lidar uses laser pulses to measure the speed and position of vehicles. It may be used by police officers or in temporary automatic installations.

Average-speed enforcement records a vehicle at two or more points and calculates its average speed across the controlled section.

No. Average-speed enforcement considers the travel time across the complete measured section rather than speed at only one point.

Yes. Some systems monitor vehicle speed and whether a vehicle passes a red traffic signal.

No. Some authorities announce speed cameras, while others permit enforcement without advance warning. The rules differ between countries and regions.

Yes. The absence of a warning sign does not normally prevent police or authorised authorities from carrying out a lawful speed check.

The applicable limit remains a maximum rather than a target. Drivers must reduce speed whenever travelling at that limit would be unsafe.

No. Check your speed and reduce it smoothly when necessary. Sudden braking can cause a rear-end collision.

Only while remaining within the applicable limit and driving safely. The restriction may continue, and another camera or average-speed section may follow.

No. Passing a camera or radar sign does not end the applicable speed restriction.

A radar speed display measures an approaching vehicle and shows its current speed, sometimes with a colour, message or smiley symbol.

Not necessarily. Many displays are preventive devices intended to make drivers aware of their speed and may collect anonymous traffic statistics without issuing penalties.

No. The roadside display is generally informational. Drivers remain responsible for observing the vehicle’s speedometer and the legal speed limit.

Yes. The technical ability to measure a motorcycle and the method used to identify it depend on the enforcement equipment.

Yes. Modern systems may measure vehicles in one or more lanes and may distinguish between traffic directions or vehicle categories.

Yes. Heavy vehicles, buses, trailers or other vehicle categories may be subject to lower limits than passenger cars on the same road.

Release the accelerator and reduce speed smoothly and safely. Do not brake harshly or make an abrupt lane change.

A selective barrier is a physical access-control device that blocks some traffic while allowing specified road users or authorised vehicles to pass.

Common examples include fixed bollards, removable posts, folding posts, retractable bollards, gates, rising barriers and width-filtering installations.

They may prevent through traffic, protect pedestrian or cycling routes, control access to restricted areas or allow only residents, public transport, deliveries or emergency services to enter.

Not normally. The permitted users are determined by traffic signs, permits, access systems and local regulations.

Only when cycling is permitted and sufficient safe space is provided. Cyclists must follow the signs applying to the road or path.

Pedestrians may pass where pedestrian access is permitted and a safe route is available. They should not walk beneath a moving gate or through a vehicle-only opening.

Only when motorcycles are legally permitted beyond the barrier and the opening is intended for them. Being physically able to fit through does not create permission.

Emergency vehicles may have keys, remote controls, automatic recognition or another authorised method of opening the barrier. Other road users must keep the access clear.

They may enter only when local access rules, permits or traffic signs authorise them. Permission may apply only during specified hours.

A retractable bollard is a post that can rise from or lower into the road surface to control vehicle access.

It may operate through a badge, remote control, access code, number-plate recognition, timer, control centre or automatic detection system.

Only after confirming that you are authorised and the bollard is fully lowered. Do not move merely because another vehicle has activated it.

No, unless your own access is also authorised and the system clearly permits it. The barrier may rise immediately after the first vehicle.

Red lights normally require road users to stop, while another signal may indicate when passage is permitted. Follow the displayed signals and local instructions.

Stop at a safe distance and wait until it has completed its movement. Never drive, cycle or walk beneath a moving gate or across a rising bollard.

Do not force, move or drive around it. Use the intercom or contact the operator, road authority or emergency service indicated at the location.

No, unless you are specifically authorised. Removing or repositioning access-control equipment may create danger and allow prohibited traffic to enter.

No. Traffic signs and access restrictions remain applicable even when the physical barrier is temporarily open or lowered.

No. An open physical barrier does not cancel a regulatory traffic sign.

Not by itself. Drivers must follow the applicable speed limit and approach slowly enough to stop before the installation.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and ordinary priority rules remain applicable unless another traffic arrangement indicates otherwise.

Do not stop or park where the vehicle would block authorised access, emergency services, pedestrians or cyclists.

They may be difficult to see, especially in darkness, congestion or poor weather. A collision can cause a rider to fall into nearby traffic or other obstacles.

Reduce speed, identify the intended opening and pass through in a straight and controlled line. Avoid overtaking another cyclist at the barrier.

Approach slowly, wait for the access system to respond and check for pedestrians and cyclists before crossing their route.

Stop safely, activate the hazard warning lights where appropriate and report the collision. Do not continue if the vehicle, barrier or access system may be damaged.

Traffic lights are signals that use coloured lights, arrows or road-user symbols to regulate traffic movements.

A red light requires road users to stop before the stop line or signal and remain stopped until movement is permitted.

A steady amber light normally requires drivers to stop unless they are already too close to stop safely. It warns that the signal is changing to red.

A green light permits road users to pass the signal, but only when the route is clear and the intended movement is otherwise legal.

No. You may still have to give way to pedestrians, cyclists, oncoming traffic or other road users when turning or following a conditional arrow.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave you stopped inside the intersection and obstructing crossing traffic.

Stop before the stop line. When no stop line is provided, stop before the traffic light or at another legally prescribed position.

No. The required stop must normally be completed before the stop line. Do not stop on a pedestrian or cycle crossing.

Stop when this can be done safely. Continue only when you are already too close to stop without creating danger.

No. Do not accelerate to avoid stopping. Maintain control and stop unless doing so safely is no longer possible.

They have the same general meaning as circular lights, but the prohibition or permission applies only to the direction shown by the arrow.

It may permit travel in the indicated direction while other movements remain prohibited. Drivers may still have to give way to conflicting traffic and pedestrians.

Not universally. Drivers must follow the complete local sign arrangement. A traffic signal does not necessarily cancel a separate regulatory prohibition.

Only where local law or a specific sign or signal expressly permits it. There is no universal right to turn on red.

It warns of a potential hazard and normally allows cautious passage. The ordinary priority arrangement remains applicable.

Reduce speed, observe the intersection carefully and follow the applicable priority signs or default priority rules.

Its meaning depends on local law. At railway crossings and some movable bridges, flashing red lights normally require road users to stop.

A red cross normally closes the lane, a green downward arrow opens it and an amber diagonal arrow instructs drivers to leave the lane in the indicated direction.

No. Move out of the lane safely before reaching the red cross unless an authorised person or emergency rule directs otherwise.

It warns that the lane is closing or unavailable ahead. Drivers must move into the adjacent lane indicated by the arrow when safe.

Yes. A signal displaying a bicycle symbol applies to the road users legally covered by that signal rather than to general motor traffic.

Yes. Pedestrian lights normally use red and green human figures to indicate whether pedestrians may begin crossing.

It normally warns that the crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should wait for the next green signal.

A person who entered lawfully should continue without unnecessary delay. Turning drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

Yes. Public-transport signals may use bars, circles, triangles or other symbols that apply only to authorised service vehicles.

They commonly replace the priority arrangement at that location. Priority signs may apply again when the normal signals are inactive or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over lights, signs, markings and ordinary rules.

Reduce speed and follow the priority signs, temporary signals, authorised personnel or default priority rules that apply.

Yes, when you entered lawfully and must leave the intersection. Complete the movement cautiously without endangering other road users.

No. Drivers may proceed but must continue at a safe and legal speed.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a driver temporarily stopped in traffic is still considered to be driving and may not use a handheld device.

A traffic lights warning alerts drivers that traffic signals are located ahead.

It may be used where traffic lights are unexpected, difficult to see sufficiently early or located on a road where advance warning improves safety.

Remain alert, reduce speed when necessary and be prepared to stop at the traffic lights or behind waiting traffic.

Pedestrian lights are traffic signals that indicate when pedestrians may begin crossing a road.

They commonly display a red standing person and a green walking person. Their design may vary between countries.

It means that pedestrians must not begin crossing.

It means that pedestrians may begin crossing, provided they still observe the road and cross without unnecessary delay.

No. Turning vehicles, emergency vehicles or traffic following another authorised signal may still cross the pedestrian route. Pedestrians should remain attentive.

It normally warns that the permitted crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should consider waiting for the next green signal.

Its meaning varies between countries. It commonly means that pedestrians must not begin crossing, while those already on the road should finish without delay.

A countdown may show approximately how much time remains before the signal changes. It does not remove the duty to cross cautiously.

Begin only when there is enough time to cross safely and without stopping unnecessarily on the road. Waiting for the next green phase may be safer.

Continue crossing at a normal pace towards the nearest safe side. Do not turn back suddenly, stop unnecessarily or run into another traffic stream.

Yes. Drivers should allow pedestrians who entered lawfully to complete the crossing safely, even when vehicle traffic receives permission to proceed.

Some signal systems permit turning vehicles and pedestrians at the same time. Turning drivers must give way where required and must not endanger pedestrians.

It is a signal phase during which conflicting vehicle movements are stopped so pedestrians can cross without permitted traffic turning across their route.

It is a phase in which pedestrians may cross several or all approaches while vehicle traffic is stopped. Diagonal crossing is permitted only when the signals and markings allow it.

They may indicate that the same pedestrian signal applies simultaneously to several crossing directions. The exact meaning depends on local law.

Check that approaching and turning vehicles are stopping and that the route is clear. A green signal does not make a collision impossible.

Yes. They should proceed at a normal pace and should not linger, stop unnecessarily or obstruct traffic on the crossing.

Pedestrians may have to follow the traffic lights controlling vehicles, an authorised officer or the ordinary pedestrian-crossing rules.

A push button normally registers a request for a pedestrian crossing phase. Pressing it does not itself permit crossing; pedestrians must wait for the appropriate signal.

Normally not. Once the request has been registered, additional presses usually have no effect.

Audible signals use sounds to help pedestrians with visual impairments identify when crossing is permitted or when the signal is changing.

Tactile signals may use a vibrating button, rotating cone or raised markings to provide crossing information to pedestrians with visual impairments.

Not normally. A cyclist riding a bicycle must follow the applicable cycle or vehicle signal unless a combined pedestrian-and-cycle signal applies.

A person walking beside a bicycle is normally treated as a pedestrian and follows the pedestrian signal.

They display pedestrian and bicycle symbols and apply to the road users indicated by those symbols.

No. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over pedestrian lights.

Cross only according to the functioning vehicle signals, priority rules and instructions from authorised personnel. Proceed cautiously and take approaching traffic into account.

Road markings are lines, symbols, arrows or words placed on the road surface to regulate, guide or provide information to road users.

They can separate traffic lanes, indicate stopping or priority points, guide traffic movements and mark crossings or reserved areas.

No. Many markings are internationally similar, but their colours, designs and exact legal meanings can vary between countries.

Left-hand traffic means that vehicles normally drive on the left side of a two-way road. Traffic approaching from the opposite direction therefore passes on the driver's right.

Vehicles normally overtake on the right, although exceptions can apply depending on the road layout and national traffic rules.

Most vehicles designed for left-hand traffic have the steering wheel on the right-hand side. However, vehicles with the steering wheel on the opposite side can also be legally used in many countries.

A driving licence is an official authorisation to drive specified categories of motor vehicle.

The terms may refer to the same document, depending on the country. Some countries use permit specifically for learners or temporary authorisations.

A provisional or learner licence allows a person to practise driving under specified restrictions before obtaining a full licence.

A full licence is issued after the holder has completed the required tests or training. Restrictions may still apply because of age, vehicle type, medical fitness or licence codes.

No. Driving licences are divided into categories for motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, trailers and other vehicles.

A licence category identifies the type and size of vehicle the holder is authorised to drive.

Yes. Holding a licence for one category does not normally authorise driving a vehicle belonging to another category.

Yes. Codes may restrict the holder to an automatic transmission, corrective lenses, an adapted vehicle or another specified condition.

In some countries, passing the test in an automatic vehicle restricts the holder to automatic vehicles until an additional test or procedure is completed.

Usually, yes. The document, individual categories or medical authorisation may have expiry dates and require renewal.

No. The licence and the category required for the vehicle must remain valid.

This depends on local law. Many countries require drivers to carry the original licence and present it to an authorised officer when requested.

Not normally. A photograph, scan or photocopy is not generally a substitute for the original document unless an official digital-licence system is legally recognised.

No. It proves driving authorisation, not ownership, registration or insurance.

Requirements may include a theory test, eyesight test, practical driving test, medical examination or compulsory training.

No. Minimum ages differ between countries and vehicle categories.

Only where the provisional-licence system permits independent driving. Other learners must be accompanied by an approved supervisor or instructor.

Often not. Provisional and learner licences are frequently valid only in the country or region that issued them.

An international driving permit is a standardised translation of a valid national licence intended to help authorities interpret it abroad.

No. It normally has legal value only when presented together with the valid national driving licence on which it is based.

This depends on the destination, length of stay, residence status and agreements between the countries concerned. An exchange or international permit may be required.

Some countries exchange recognised foreign licences without new tests, while others require theory, practical or medical examinations.

Yes. A medical condition may require an assessment, shorter validity period, adapted vehicle or licence restriction.

This depends on local law. Drivers remain responsible for ensuring that they are physically and mentally fit to drive safely.

Often, yes. Drivers of trucks, buses, taxis or vehicles used commercially may require professional competence, medical examinations or periodic training.

The holder may not drive during the suspension period, even if the physical document remains in their possession.

Disqualification is a legal prohibition on driving, usually imposed by a court or competent authority for a specified period or until conditions are fulfilled.

Report it where required and apply for a replacement through the competent licensing authority. Do not continue driving when local law requires the original document to be carried.

Request a replacement when the document is unreadable, damaged or no longer allows the holder to be identified reliably.

This depends on the country and whether the address appears on the licence. Drivers must follow the local notification and replacement procedure.

A road location marker is a numbered reference point identifying a measured position along a particular road or route.

A kilometre marker indicates the number of kilometres measured from an established starting point on the road.

A hectometre marker identifies a position at intervals of 100 metres. One kilometre contains ten hectometres.

It normally identifies a point approximately 14 kilometres and 700 metres from the route’s reference origin.

No. It normally measures the position along the road from a fixed reference origin rather than the remaining distance to a destination.

It begins at a reference point chosen for that road, such as the start of the route, a border, an administrative boundary or another officially defined origin.

No. It increases in the officially defined direction of the route. Drivers travelling in the opposite direction may see the values decrease.

It may appear as a numbered roadside post, small sign, plate, marker attached to a barrier or numbers painted beside the carriageway.

Many countries use kilometre markers, while countries using imperial measurements may use mile markers. Designs and intervals differ.

They are intended to represent 100-metre intervals, but their physical placement and permitted tolerances depend on the road authority and local conditions.

Give the road number, marker value, direction of travel and nearest junction or landmark where possible.

The same kilometre value may occur on many different roads. The road number identifies which route the marker belongs to.

Divided roads have separate carriageways. Reporting the direction helps emergency services approach the correct side without making a long diversion.

Yes. Reporting the nearest marker can help breakdown and emergency services identify the affected road section more accurately.

Yes. The marker can help road authorities locate an obstruction, damaged barrier, animal, collision or other dangerous situation.

Normally not. It is a reference or identification device rather than a regulatory sign.

No. The applicable speed comes from general traffic rules and regulatory speed signs.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and ordinary intersection rules remain applicable.

No. Passing a kilometre or hectometre marker does not normally begin or end a traffic regulation.

Yes. Road authorities use reference points to locate signs, barriers, bridges, defects, works and other infrastructure precisely.

Coordinates can be useful, but a road reference marker may be easier for road operators and emergency services to connect with the correct carriageway and road section.

Use the nearest visible marker together with the road number, direction, junctions and other identifiable features.

No. Do not stop in a live lane or another prohibited location. A passenger may note the marker, or the driver may read it after stopping somewhere safe during an actual emergency.

Normally not. Temporary traffic routes may move traffic away from the marker’s usual position, but the official road reference system generally remains unchanged.

A no-parking sign prohibits leaving a vehicle parked in the area or along the section of road to which the restriction applies. The exact legal definition of parking and the extent of the prohibition vary between countries.

No. A no-parking restriction commonly still permits certain brief stops, such as picking up or dropping off passengers or loading or unloading goods. A no-stopping restriction is stricter and generally prohibits voluntary stopping as well as parking.

Remaining inside the vehicle does not necessarily mean that it is not parked. If the vehicle remains stationary beyond what local law permits as a brief stop, it may legally be considered parked even when the driver stays inside.

Often yes, if stopping is permitted and the vehicle remains there only as long as reasonably necessary for passengers to get in or out. Local rules may impose stricter restrictions at particular locations.

In many countries, genuine loading or unloading is treated as stopping rather than parking and may therefore be permitted. The vehicle should remain there only for the time reasonably necessary for the activity.

This depends on the country's signing rules. The restriction may continue to the next intersection, an end sign, a stated distance or the end of a designated zone. Supplementary arrows or distance panels may indicate its exact extent.

Usually a roadside no-parking sign applies only to the side of the road on which it is placed, unless it forms part of a zonal restriction or local signs indicate otherwise.

Yes. A supplementary panel may restrict the prohibition to particular hours, days or periods. Outside those periods, parking may be permitted if no other rule prohibits it.

Yes. Additional signs or symbols may make a parking restriction applicable to particular vehicle categories, such as heavy vehicles, motorcycles or other specified vehicles.

Only if parking is otherwise legal. The end of a specific no-parking restriction does not override general parking prohibitions near crossings, intersections, driveways, traffic signs or other protected locations.

It means that a driver may not voluntarily stop the vehicle in the restricted area. The prohibition normally includes stopping to pick up or drop off passengers or to load or unload goods.

No stopping is the stricter restriction. A no-parking rule may still allow a brief stop for activities such as picking up passengers or loading goods, while a no-stopping rule prohibits these voluntary stops as well.

A driver may have to stop because of an emergency, traffic conditions, a red light, police instructions or another situation outside the driver's control. Such compulsory stops are generally different from voluntarily stopping the vehicle.

Disabled parking spaces are intended for eligible people who hold a valid disabled parking permit or card. The exact eligibility requirements and permit system depend on the country.

Generally no. Disabled parking permits are normally personal and may only be used when the permit holder is driving or travelling in the vehicle.

No. A permit may provide access to reserved spaces or exemptions from certain parking restrictions, but rules concerning parking charges and time limits vary between countries and local authorities.

Traffic management is the organised control and guidance of traffic using signs, signals, road markings, lane controls, speed restrictions, diversions and other measures.

Traffic management is used to improve safety, control traffic flow and reduce disruption. It can also protect road workers, pedestrians, cyclists and emergency services.

Common methods include traffic lights, road signs, road markings, variable-message signs, lane-control signals, temporary barriers, speed restrictions and diversions. Authorised persons may also direct traffic.

Yes. Temporary or variable speed-limit signs may impose a different maximum speed because of congestion, roadworks, weather, incidents or other conditions. Drivers must follow the limit currently displayed.

Yes. Lane-control signals, temporary signs or road markings may close lanes, move traffic into different lanes or require drivers to change lane. Follow the current signs and markings rather than the normal road layout.

Move into an open lane safely and in good time, following any arrows, signs and local merging rules. Never continue along a lane that is clearly indicated as closed.

Yes. Properly authorised temporary signs used for roadworks, incidents or other traffic-management measures must be obeyed in the same way as other official traffic signs.

Follow the directions of the authorised person. In many countries, these directions take precedence over traffic lights, road signs or the normal traffic rules.

Roadworks may use temporary speed limits, lane closures, barriers, temporary markings, traffic lights and diversions. Road users should reduce speed where necessary and carefully follow the temporary route.

Yes. Temporary or permanent traffic arrangements should account for pedestrians and cyclists as well as motor vehicles. They may be provided with separate routes, crossings, signals or diversions where necessary.

Check behind and around the vehicle for pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles and obstacles. Use mirrors and cameras where available, but also look directly because monitoring systems can have blind spots.

In many countries, reversing is treated as a manoeuvre and the reversing driver must give way to other road users. The exact legal requirements depend on national traffic rules.

No. Reversing should normally be limited to the distance necessary to complete the manoeuvre safely. Driving forward generally provides better visibility and vehicle control.

A U-turn is a manoeuvre used to reverse a vehicle's direction so that it continues along the road in the opposite direction.

Check traffic in all relevant directions, mirrors and blind spots, and look for pedestrians, cyclists and other road users. Make sure there is sufficient visibility and space and that the manoeuvre is permitted.

No. U-turns may be prohibited by traffic signs or road rules and should never be attempted where visibility, road layout or traffic conditions make the manoeuvre unsafe.

An uncontrolled crossroad is an intersection where priority is not specifically assigned by traffic lights, an authorised person or priority signs. Drivers must use the default priority rules of the country.

This depends on the local traffic law. Some countries use priority from the right, while others use different rules. Drivers should know the default intersection rule of the country in which they are driving.

Not necessarily. The width, surface or amount of traffic on a road does not by itself determine priority unless local law specifically provides otherwise.

Yes. Approach at a speed that allows you to observe approaching traffic, determine who has priority and stop safely if necessary.

Yes. Cyclists generally follow the applicable intersection priority rules unless a specific cycle facility, sign or local rule provides otherwise.

No. Continuing straight ahead does not automatically give priority over traffic approaching on another road. The applicable priority rules must still be followed.

Turning may create additional obligations, particularly towards pedestrians, cyclists or opposing traffic. Drivers must follow both the intersection priority rule and the rules governing the intended turn.

Apply the country's default priority rule. Do not rely simply on which vehicle appears to have arrived first unless local law specifically uses that rule.

The intersection is not necessarily completely uncontrolled. Priority signs, road markings and default priority rules may still determine who must give way. Drivers should approach with particular caution.

Reduce speed and be prepared to stop. Never force your way through an intersection simply because the priority situation is unclear.

An oversize load is a load that makes a vehicle or vehicle combination exceed one or more of the normal legal dimensions for road use, such as its permitted width, height or length.

Often yes. Depending on the country, dimensions and route, a permit may be required and can specify where and when the vehicle may travel and what additional safety measures must be used.

Escort vehicles can warn other road users, help manage difficult road sections and assist the exceptional vehicle when its size creates additional traffic risks. The number and type of escorts required depend on national rules and the dimensions of the transport.

A licence plate is a plate displaying the registration identifier assigned to a vehicle. It allows authorities and other authorised systems to identify the vehicle's registration.

Yes. Licence plate, registration plate and number plate are different terms commonly used for the plate displaying a vehicle's official registration number.

Most motor vehicles used on public roads must display one or more registration plates, but requirements differ for motorcycles, trailers, agricultural vehicles and other special vehicle categories.

This depends on the country and vehicle type. Cars commonly require front and rear plates, while motorcycles and certain other vehicles may require only a rear plate.

Yes. A required registration plate must normally remain clearly visible and readable. It should not be hidden by luggage, dirt, accessories or other objects.

Generally no. Changing the characters, colours, dimensions or appearance of an official plate may make it invalid or illegal. Plates and authorised reproductions must comply with local specifications.

Follow the local reporting and replacement procedure. Many countries require the loss or theft to be reported to the police or vehicle-registration authority before a replacement plate can be issued.

A plate must remain legible and compliant with local requirements. If damage prevents it from being read or makes it invalid, it should be replaced according to the local registration procedure.

Some countries allow motorists to request a personalised registration combination. The available characters, formats and prohibited combinations are determined by the registration authority.

This varies between countries. In some systems the plate remains with the vehicle, while in others it remains associated with the registered holder and may be retained or returned when the vehicle is sold.

A charging station is a location where electric vehicles can be connected to an electricity supply to recharge their batteries. A station may contain one or several individual charging points.

Charging stations are intended for vehicles that can be externally charged, such as battery-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The exact vehicle categories permitted may be indicated by local signs or operator conditions.

Not necessarily. A space beside a charger may be reserved for electric vehicles or vehicles that are charging. Drivers must check the signs and markings before parking there.

Not where the parking space is officially reserved for electric vehicles. An ordinary parking space located near a charger may be different, so the applicable signs and markings determine who may park there.

This depends on the local traffic and parking rules. Many charging spaces require the vehicle to be connected to the charger, even if the vehicle itself is electric.

Charging may be free or subject to payment. The price and payment method are determined by the charging operator, while separate parking charges may also apply.

Yes. Traffic signs, parking regulations or charging conditions may establish a maximum duration to encourage drivers to move their vehicles and make the charger available to others.

Follow the local parking rules and charging conditions. Some locations require vehicles to leave after charging or impose additional fees or time limits when the charging session has ended.

No. A charging station does not allow a driver to ignore no-parking rules, reserved spaces, time limits or other traffic regulations. The vehicle must still be legally parked.

No. Charging stations can provide different charging powers. Some are intended for longer parking periods, while high-power chargers can recharge compatible vehicles much more quickly.

Local traffic generally means vehicles that have a legitimate reason to enter a particular street or area, such as reaching a home, business, delivery address or other destination located there.

No. Through traffic passes through an area without having a destination or other necessary stop there. A restriction allowing only local traffic is normally intended to prevent this type of unnecessary through traffic.

This depends on national rules and the signs in place. Residents, visitors, deliveries, emergency services and certain service vehicles are commonly permitted, but the precise categories vary between countries.

A moped is a lightweight motor vehicle whose engine power, capacity or maximum design speed is restricted by law. The precise technical definition differs between countries.

No. Mopeds normally have lower maximum speeds and power than motorcycles and are classified separately under traffic and licensing laws.

Yes, potentially. A vehicle can be legally classified as a moped whether its motor is electric or uses an internal-combustion engine. Classification depends on factors such as design speed and power.

This depends on the country and moped category. Some low-speed mopeds may be ridden without a licence, while faster mopeds commonly require a dedicated moped licence or another qualifying driving licence.

Helmet requirements vary between countries, but an approved protective helmet is compulsory for moped riders in many jurisdictions. Passengers may also be required to wear one.

This depends on the moped category, road speed limit and local signs. Some low-speed mopeds may be required to use cycle paths, while faster mopeds may be required or permitted to use the roadway.

Only where the vehicle is designed and legally approved to carry a passenger and the rider satisfies any minimum-age or licensing requirements.

Many countries require mopeds to be registered and display a registration plate. Requirements vary according to vehicle category and national law.

Compulsory third-party liability insurance is required for mopeds in many countries. The exact insurance requirements depend on the vehicle classification and national legislation.

Mopeds are generally prohibited from motorways and other high-speed controlled-access roads because their maximum design speed is too low and the road may specifically exclude them.

A truck is a motor vehicle designed primarily for transporting goods.

No. Trucks can include lighter goods vehicles as well as heavy trucks. Traffic laws often apply different rules according to the vehicle's maximum authorised mass.

Trucks may have larger blind spots, longer stopping distances and wider turning paths than smaller vehicles, so other road users should avoid remaining unnecessarily close beside or in front of them.