道路標識中国

A pedestrian is primarily a person travelling on foot. Local traffic laws may also treat people pushing bicycles, wheelchairs, prams or certain other devices as pedestrians.

Pedestrians should normally use pavements, sidewalks, footpaths or other areas provided for pedestrians. Where these are unavailable, local rules determine where pedestrians may walk on or beside the road.

This depends on the country's traffic rules. Many countries require or recommend pedestrians to face approaching traffic, but the exact rule varies.

Use a pedestrian crossing, traffic-light-controlled crossing or other designated crossing where required or reasonably available. Where crossing elsewhere is permitted, choose a location with good visibility and cross carefully.

The exact priority rule varies between countries. Drivers are commonly required to give way to pedestrians using or entering designated crossings, but pedestrians must still obey traffic lights and avoid entering the road dangerously.

Yes. Where pedestrian signals are provided, pedestrians must follow their indications and should not enter the roadway while the signal prohibits crossing.

In many traffic systems, a person who dismounts and walks beside a bicycle is treated as a pedestrian. The precise legal classification depends on local law.

This depends on the road layout and local rules. Pedestrians may sometimes use a cycle path when no suitable pedestrian facility is available, but they must not unnecessarily obstruct cyclists or other authorised users.

Yes. Drivers turning into another road must watch carefully for pedestrians crossing the road they are entering and give way where required by local traffic law.

Check carefully for approaching traffic from all relevant directions, make sure there is sufficient time and distance to cross safely, and continue to observe traffic while crossing.

A motorcycle is a powered two-wheeled vehicle, which may also be equipped with a sidecar.

No. Traffic laws generally distinguish motorcycles from mopeds according to technical characteristics such as power, engine capacity or maximum speed.

Motorcyclists should use an approved helmet and suitable protective clothing. The exact mandatory equipment depends on the country's traffic laws.

A car is a motor vehicle primarily designed to carry a relatively small number of passengers and their luggage on roads.

No. A car is a type of motor vehicle. The broader category of motor vehicles can also include motorcycles, buses, trucks, mopeds and other powered vehicles, depending on local legal definitions.

Yes. A driver must normally hold a valid driving licence for the vehicle category concerned. The licence categories and minimum ages vary between countries.

Yes, normally. Cars used on public roads generally have to be registered with the competent authority and display the required registration plate or plates.

Most countries require at least third-party liability insurance before a car may be used on public roads. Additional insurance may be optional.

Where seat belts are fitted, drivers and passengers are generally required to wear them correctly. Exact requirements and exemptions vary between countries.

Yes, in many countries. Children below specified age, height or weight thresholds must be transported in an appropriate approved child-restraint system.

A car must not carry more people than it is designed and legally approved to transport. Passengers should use the designated seating positions and required restraint systems.

Yes, if the vehicle and licence permit it. Maximum trailer masses, combination masses and licence requirements depend on the vehicle and local regulations.

Most ordinary cars can use motorways, but they must satisfy the applicable vehicle, speed and access requirements. Certain unusually slow or restricted vehicles may be prohibited.

A truck is a motor vehicle designed primarily for transporting goods.

No. Trucks can include lighter goods vehicles as well as heavy trucks. Traffic laws often apply different rules according to the vehicle's maximum authorised mass.

Trucks may have larger blind spots, longer stopping distances and wider turning paths than smaller vehicles, so other road users should avoid remaining unnecessarily close beside or in front of them.

A bus is a motor vehicle designed to transport a relatively large number of passengers. It may be used for public transport, school transport, private services or other passenger transport.

A bus is commonly designed for frequent passenger boarding and may allow standing passengers, while a coach is generally designed for longer journeys with passengers seated. Exact legal definitions vary between countries.

Yes. Driving a vehicle designed to carry more than a specified number of passengers normally requires a dedicated bus or passenger-vehicle driving licence.

Only when the vehicle is designed and approved to carry standing passengers. Coaches and other vehicles designed exclusively for seated passengers must not be used beyond their approved passenger configuration.

Where seat belts are provided and local law requires their use, passengers must wear them correctly. Urban buses designed for standing passengers may have seating positions or operating conditions that differ from coaches.

Yes, where permitted. Bus lanes are commonly reserved for public transport buses, although local signs may also allow taxis, bicycles or other specified vehicles to use them.

No. Some countries require other drivers to give way to buses leaving designated stops, particularly in urban areas, while others apply the normal merging rules.

Yes. Passengers may be boarding, leaving or crossing the road near the bus. Reduce speed where necessary and watch carefully for pedestrians emerging from behind or in front of the vehicle.

They can. Some countries impose lower maximum speeds on buses than on passenger cars, particularly on high-speed roads. Different limits may apply to buses and coaches.

Yes, normally. Buses that satisfy the applicable construction and access requirements may use motorways, but they must obey any vehicle-specific speed limits, lane restrictions and other local rules.

Police help enforce traffic laws, manage traffic, investigate collisions and respond to dangerous situations. They may also carry out roadside checks and direct road users.

Yes. Lawful directions given by an authorised police officer must be followed. In many countries, those directions take precedence over traffic lights, road signs and normal priority rules.

Slow down, follow the officer's directions and stop at a safe location as instructed. Do not make sudden movements or continue driving unless directed to do so.

Yes, where authorised by local law. A police officer controlling traffic may instruct road users to proceed even when a traffic light or sign would normally require them to stop.

Yes. Police may require drivers to provide documents such as a driving licence, vehicle registration, identification or proof of insurance according to local law.

Yes. Traffic police may conduct legally authorised alcohol and drug checks using procedures such as breath, saliva or other approved tests.

Yes. Roads or lanes may be temporarily closed or traffic diverted because of collisions, emergencies, investigations, public events or other safety concerns.

Reduce speed, remain alert and follow all directions. Do not enter a closed area or interfere with emergency personnel, and leave sufficient space for emergency vehicles.

Follow the local rules for priority vehicles. Drivers generally have to make sufficient space, give way and stop where necessary so that the emergency vehicle can pass safely.

Yes, where local law permits it. Police or another authorised authority may require a vehicle to be moved when it obstructs traffic, creates danger or must be removed for operational reasons.

An ambulance is a specially equipped vehicle used to provide emergency medical assistance and transport sick or injured people.

This depends on the local traffic rules and warning signals being used. Ambulances responding to emergencies commonly use flashing lights and a siren to indicate that other road users must make way.

Remain calm and make sufficient space for it to pass. Slow down or stop where necessary, but avoid sudden or dangerous manoeuvres.

Not necessarily in your exact position. Move or stop in a way that creates a safe passage without blocking an intersection, pedestrian crossing or another part of the road needed by the ambulance.

Emergency vehicles may be allowed to pass a red light during an urgent response under special legal conditions. The precise rules differ between countries, and the ambulance driver must still take appropriate precautions.

Many countries permit emergency vehicles to depart from certain normal speed rules during an urgent mission, subject to safety requirements and national legislation.

Yes, when responding to an emergency and legally permitted to do so. Other road users should create space and keep emergency corridors or access routes clear where required.

You should not use the passage created for an ambulance as a way to bypass congestion. Maintain a safe distance and continue to obey the normal traffic rules.

No. The use of warning lights and sirens depends on the urgency of the mission and local regulations. An ambulance transporting a patient does not necessarily need to use emergency signals throughout the journey.

Reduce speed and remain alert. Medical personnel, patients or other emergency workers may be entering the road, and the ambulance may need to move unexpectedly.

A taxi is a vehicle used to transport passengers for payment, normally providing journeys requested by individual customers.

Depending on the local system, taxis may be available at taxi stands, airports, railway stations, on the street or through telephone and app-based booking services.

Yes. Taxi services are generally subject to licensing and operating requirements, although the exact rules concerning vehicles, drivers, fares and permitted operating areas vary between jurisdictions.

Police traffic signals are gestures, positions or other signals used by authorised officers to regulate or direct traffic.

In many countries, yes. Directions given by an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic lights, signs and ordinary traffic rules.

Slow down, pay close attention and follow the officer's instruction. Do not continue simply because a traffic light or road sign would normally allow you to proceed.

A pothole is a hole or depression that develops in a road surface when the pavement becomes damaged or deteriorates.

Potholes can develop through a combination of water, temperature changes, traffic loads and deterioration of the road material. Cracks can gradually expand until pieces of the surface break away.

A pothole can cause a vehicle to change direction suddenly, lose stability or suffer tyre, wheel or suspension damage. Deep potholes can present a particularly serious hazard at higher speeds.

Reduce speed when necessary, maintain control of the vehicle and avoid abrupt steering or braking. Only move around the pothole when this can be done safely without endangering other road users.

If possible, reduce your speed before reaching the pothole. Sudden heavy braking or steering while passing over a damaged surface can make the vehicle less stable.

Yes. A pothole can disturb the steering or balance of a motorcycle and may cause the rider to lose control.

Yes. Bicycle wheels can be strongly affected by deep holes or sharp edges, particularly when the cyclist has little time or space to avoid the hazard.

Yes. Severe impacts can damage tyres, wheel rims, suspension components, steering parts or wheel alignment.

No. A sudden evasive movement may create a greater danger by bringing the vehicle into conflict with cyclists, pedestrians, oncoming traffic or vehicles in another lane.

Yes. Depending on the country's traffic-sign system, an uneven-road or general-danger warning sign may be used where poor road conditions create a significant hazard.

A path is a relatively narrow route intended primarily for pedestrians and, where permitted, other road users or small vehicles.

Not necessarily. A footpath is specifically intended for pedestrians, while a path may also permit cyclists or other users according to local rules.

No. A cycle path is specifically designated for bicycles and other permitted users. An ordinary path does not automatically have that legal status.

This depends on the legal status, width and signs applying to the path. Some paths permit cyclists, while others are reserved for pedestrians or particular users.

This depends on local law. Some paths prohibit motor vehicles entirely, while narrow vehicles may be permitted on other paths unless traffic signs restrict access.

Yes. A narrow path can legally form part of the public-road network even when it is unsuitable for ordinary cars.

No. Paths can be paved, gravelled, compacted or unsurfaced depending on their location and purpose.

Yes. Signs can reserve a path for particular road users or prohibit certain vehicles, regardless of whether they could physically fit on it.

The applicable local priority rules determine who must give way. Special rules often apply when a minor path joins an ordinary road.

Yes, where both are permitted. Faster users should adapt their speed and avoid endangering or unnecessarily obstructing pedestrians.

Yes. At the crossing, users must follow the applicable priority signs, traffic lights, road markings and general right-of-way rules.

No. Its legal classification depends on the definitions and regulations of the country concerned. A narrow route might instead be a footpath, cycle path, private access road or another type of facility.

Particulates, or particulate matter, are very small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air.

PM10 refers to particles with a diameter of up to approximately 10 micrometres. PM2.5 refers to finer particles with a diameter of up to approximately 2.5 micrometres.

Road traffic can produce particles through engine exhaust, brake wear, tyre wear and road-surface wear. Passing traffic can also resuspend dust already present on the road.

Yes. Combustion in diesel engines can produce very small soot particles. Modern diesel vehicles commonly use particulate filters to capture a large proportion of these exhaust particles.

A particulate filter is an exhaust-treatment device designed to trap particulate matter produced by an engine. Diesel particulate filters are commonly known as DPFs.

Yes. Petrol engines can also produce particulate emissions, particularly certain direct-injection engines. Appropriate emission-control systems may therefore include particulate filters.

Fully electric vehicles produce no exhaust particulates from a combustion engine, but particles can still result from tyre wear, road wear and braking.

Vehicle-emission regulation is increasingly addressing non-exhaust emissions. The European Euro 7 framework includes requirements concerning brake-particle emissions and tyre abrasion.

No. Particulate matter consists of tiny airborne particles, while carbon dioxide is a gas. They are different types of vehicle emissions and are regulated for different environmental reasons.

Measures include effective particulate filters, cleaner vehicle technologies, correctly maintained emission-control systems and reductions in brake, tyre and road-wear emissions.

Air pollution is contamination of the air by gases, particles or other substances that can adversely affect human health, the environment or ecosystems.

Vehicles produce pollutants through fuel combustion, exhaust systems, brake wear, tyre wear and road-surface interaction. Moving traffic can also resuspend dust already present on the road.

Important traffic-related pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Their relative importance depends on the vehicle, fuel and driving conditions.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an air pollutant associated particularly with combustion processes and road traffic. High concentrations are commonly found near busy roads and densely trafficked urban areas.

Particulate matter consists of tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air. Road traffic can produce particles from exhaust, brakes, tyres and road surfaces.

No. Carbon dioxide is primarily regulated as a greenhouse gas because of its contribution to climate change. Local air-quality pollution generally focuses on substances such as nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, ozone and other pollutants that directly affect air quality and health.

Fully electric vehicles produce no combustion-engine exhaust emissions while driving, but they can still contribute to non-exhaust particulate emissions through tyres, brakes and road wear.

Yes. Concentrations of traffic-related pollutants can be higher close to heavily trafficked roads because many emissions occur close to ground level and near where people live and travel.

A low-emission zone is an area where access by more polluting vehicles is restricted in order to reduce traffic-related air pollution. Access criteria may depend on factors such as fuel type, vehicle category and emission standard.

Measures include cleaner vehicles, stricter emission standards, effective emission-control equipment, low-emission zones, public transport, cycling and walking, as well as traffic-management measures that reduce unnecessary congestion and emissions.

Rush hour is a period when unusually large numbers of people travel at the same time, resulting in increased traffic and often congestion.

Rush hour commonly occurs during the morning and late afternoon or evening on working days, but the exact times vary according to the city, road and local travel patterns.

No. The term does not mean that congestion lasts exactly one hour. In busy urban areas, peak traffic conditions may continue for several hours.

Congestion develops when traffic demand approaches or exceeds the available road capacity. Intersections, merging traffic, collisions, roadworks and weather can make the congestion worse.

Yes. Leave sufficient distance to react to sudden braking and frequent changes in traffic speed. Avoid following another vehicle too closely even when traffic is moving slowly.

Unnecessary lane changes can create additional conflicts and may not significantly reduce journey time. Choose an appropriate lane, observe surrounding traffic and change lane only when it can be done safely.

Yes. Roads equipped with variable traffic management may display lower speed limits during congestion. Drivers must follow the speed limit currently indicated.

A rush-hour lane is an additional traffic lane that can be opened during busy periods to increase road capacity. It may use a lane or shoulder that is closed to normal traffic at other times.

No. Such a lane may only be used when traffic signals or signs indicate that it is open. Never assume that congestion alone permits its use.

Check current traffic conditions and expected journey times, allow additional travel time and consider an alternative route, departure time or mode of transport where appropriate.

A road code is the body of traffic rules and regulations governing how road users must behave on public roads.

A road code can regulate subjects such as priority, speed, overtaking, turning, parking, traffic signals, road signs and road markings, as well as the responsibilities of different road users.

No. Although many traffic rules and signs are similar internationally, each country establishes its own traffic legislation and may apply different rules, signs, speed limits and requirements.

A street gutter is a drainage channel along the edge of a road that collects rainwater and directs it toward drains or another drainage system.

Normally, no. A gutter is primarily part of the road's drainage system and is not intended to function as a normal traffic lane.

Gutters may contain water, leaves, debris, drain covers or uneven surfaces, which can reduce grip or make cycling less stable.

A cargo bike is a bicycle designed to carry goods, children or larger loads than a conventional bicycle.

Common designs include two-wheel box bikes, three-wheel cargo bikes and longtail bicycles with an extended rear carrying area.

Yes. Many cargo bikes use electric pedal assistance to make it easier to move heavier loads or travel longer distances.

It can be. If the electrical assistance remains within the applicable power and assistance-speed limits, the vehicle may remain legally classified as a bicycle. More powerful or faster models may belong to another category.

Yes, when it is designed and equipped for passenger transport. Children should use the seats, restraints, foot protection or other safety equipment provided by the manufacturer and required by local law.

Yes. Transporting goods is one of its main purposes. Loads must be securely positioned and must not make the bicycle unstable, obstruct the rider's view or exceed applicable dimensional or weight limits.

This depends on its dimensions and legal classification. Ordinary-sized cargo bicycles generally follow bicycle rules, while unusually wide models may be excluded from certain cycle facilities.

Normally not when it remains legally classified as an ordinary bicycle or electrically assisted bicycle. Faster or more powerful vehicles may be subject to different licensing requirements.

This depends on the country's bicycle rules and the vehicle's classification. A model legally classified as a faster motorised vehicle may have different helmet requirements from an ordinary cargo bicycle.

Yes. Additional weight can affect acceleration, braking, steering and stability. Reduce speed where necessary, allow greater stopping distance and take particular care when turning.

Yes, where permitted. The bicycle, trailer and total load must comply with the applicable dimensional, mass, braking and passenger-transport requirements.

Cargo bikes can be longer, wider and heavier than ordinary bicycles and may need additional space when turning or stopping. Drivers should leave sufficient passing distance and avoid cutting across their path.

A forestry vehicle is a vehicle designed or adapted for forestry work, such as pulling machinery, carrying equipment, transporting timber or working on forest land.

No. Forestry vehicles can include tractors, specialised self-propelled machines, trailers and other equipment. Their legal classification depends on their design and use.

A forestry tractor is a powered vehicle primarily designed to pull, push, carry or operate equipment or trailers used for forestry work.

Yes, when legally permitted and properly equipped. Registration, insurance, lighting, dimensions, speed and driving-licence requirements may apply before a forestry vehicle can use public roads.

This depends on the vehicle classification, mass and country. Some countries have special agricultural or forestry vehicle licence categories, while other machines require ordinary car or heavy-vehicle licences.

They may. The permitted speed can depend on the vehicle's construction speed, mass, road type and local traffic rules. Posted speed limits must also be respected.

This depends on the country and vehicle classification. Agricultural and forestry vehicles are often restricted from high-speed roads, particularly when their construction speed is unsuitable for motorway traffic.

Forestry vehicles can be large, slow, wide or equipped with projecting machinery. Reduce speed where necessary and overtake only when there is sufficient visibility and space.

Yes, where the vehicle is designed and approved to do so. Forestry tractors commonly tow trailers carrying timber, machinery or other forestry materials.

Some machinery or loads may make a forestry vehicle unusually wide or long. Where legal limits are exceeded, special markings, lighting, permits or escort arrangements may be required under local law.

A construction vehicle is a vehicle or mobile machine used for construction, excavation, lifting, roadworks or transporting construction materials.

Examples include excavators, wheel loaders, bulldozers, road rollers, mobile cranes, dump trucks and concrete mixers.

No. A construction vehicle may legally be classified as a truck, mobile machine, special-purpose vehicle or another vehicle category depending on its design and use.

Yes, when the vehicle is legally permitted and suitably equipped for road use. Some machines are designed mainly for construction sites and may be subject to special restrictions when travelling on public roads.

This depends on the vehicle category, mass, speed and local law. Heavy trucks, mobile cranes and specialised machines may require different licence categories.

They may. A vehicle's design speed, mass, tyres, suspension and legal classification can result in a lower permitted speed than that applying to ordinary cars.

Construction vehicles can be large, slow and difficult to manoeuvre and may have significant blind spots. They may also turn, reverse or enter a construction site unexpectedly.

Flashing amber lights generally warn other road users that the vehicle is working, moving slowly or creating an unusual obstruction or hazard. They do not normally give the vehicle the same priority as an emergency vehicle.

Yes. Some construction machinery exceeds normal vehicle dimensions or masses. Special permits, route restrictions, warning equipment or escorts may then be required.

Reduce speed where necessary and leave sufficient space. Be aware of blind spots, projecting equipment, wide turns and workers who may be present nearby.

A semi-trailer truck consists of a powered road tractor coupled to a semi-trailer primarily used to transport goods.

A semi-trailer is a trailer designed so that part of the trailer and a significant part of its load are supported by the towing tractor.

An ordinary trailer generally supports its own weight through its axles, while a semi-trailer transfers a substantial vertical load to the tractor through its coupling.

The semi-trailer is normally connected through a kingpin and fifth-wheel coupling mounted behind the tractor cab.

The tractor and semi-trailer are connected by a pivoting coupling, allowing the two parts to turn relative to each other when the combination changes direction.

Yes. Heavy articulated trucks normally require a heavy-goods-vehicle licence that also authorises the driver to tow a heavy trailer or semi-trailer. The precise licence categories differ between countries.

They often do. Many countries impose vehicle-specific maximum speeds on heavy goods vehicles, particularly on motorways and other high-speed roads.

The semi-trailer's rear wheels follow a tighter path than the tractor's front wheels. Drivers therefore need additional space when turning, particularly at narrow intersections.

Large trucks can restrict your view of traffic ahead and require considerable stopping distance. Keeping an appropriate following distance improves visibility and reaction time.

Large trucks have substantial blind spots around the cab and trailer. Avoid remaining beside the vehicle unnecessarily and be particularly careful when the truck is turning or changing lane.

A trolleybus is an electrically powered bus that normally receives electricity from overhead wires while travelling on ordinary road wheels.

No. A tram runs on rails and follows the path of its tracks. A trolleybus has ordinary tyres and is steered like a conventional bus.

Yes. A trolleybus uses an electric motor, but unlike a battery-electric bus it traditionally receives most or all of its operating power from overhead electrical wires.

Electrical current is normally collected from overhead wires through poles or another current-collection system mounted on the vehicle.

Some trolleybuses can. Modern vehicles may have batteries or auxiliary motors that allow limited operation away from the overhead wiring.

Yes. Because it is steered rather than rail-guided, a trolleybus can move sideways within the range permitted by its overhead electrical connection and road layout.

Yes, where local rules permit. Trolleybuses operating public-transport services can normally use infrastructure reserved for authorised buses and public transport.

This depends on the local traffic law. Some countries require other drivers to allow public-transport buses, including trolleybuses, to leave designated stops.

Yes. Passengers may be boarding, leaving or crossing the roadway. Drivers should approach carefully and give passengers sufficient space where required.

A trolleybus operating entirely on electric power produces no combustion-engine exhaust emissions at the vehicle. Non-exhaust emissions from tyres, brakes and road wear can still occur.

A speed pedelec is an electrically assisted pedal cycle capable of providing motor assistance at higher speeds than an ordinary electric bicycle, commonly up to approximately 45 km/h.

An ordinary electrically assisted bicycle normally stops providing motor assistance at a lower speed, commonly around 25 km/h. A speed pedelec can continue assisting the rider at higher speeds.

Normally yes. A speed pedelec is primarily designed to provide assistance while the rider pedals, although limited walking or starting assistance may also be provided.

Many speed pedelecs are designed to provide assistance up to approximately 45 km/h. The actual permitted speed must still comply with the local speed limit and traffic conditions.

This depends on the country's legal classification. Some countries classify speed pedelecs similarly to mopeds and require an appropriate driving licence.

Helmet requirements vary between countries, but because speed pedelecs travel considerably faster than ordinary bicycles, specific helmet requirements commonly apply.

In countries where speed pedelecs are classified as mopeds or another motor-vehicle category, registration and a licence plate may be compulsory.

This depends on its technical characteristics and local law. Some jurisdictions require motor-vehicle liability insurance, while others exempt pedal-assisted speed pedelecs under specified conditions.

This depends on the country, road speed limit and traffic signs. Speed pedelecs may be permitted, required or prohibited on particular cycle paths.

Speed pedelecs are generally unsuitable for motorways and are commonly prohibited where mopeds or low-speed vehicles are not permitted. Follow the local access rules.

This depends on the vehicle's construction and local rules. Where passengers are permitted, the speed pedelec must be designed and equipped to carry them safely.

No. A speed pedelec is primarily designed to provide pedal assistance, while an electric moped can normally propel itself without requiring the rider to pedal. Their legal classifications may nevertheless be closely related.

A delivery vehicle is a vehicle used to transport goods, parcels, supplies or other items to a particular destination.

No. Deliveries can be made using vans, trucks, cars, motorcycles, cargo bicycles or other suitable vehicles.

Yes, where stopping is legally permitted. Many traffic systems distinguish genuine loading or unloading from ordinary parking when the vehicle remains only for the time necessary to perform the activity.

A loading area is intended for active loading or unloading. Remaining there after the delivery activity has finished may constitute parking and may therefore violate the applicable restrictions.

Sometimes. Traffic signs may provide an exception for deliveries, loading and unloading or local access. The driver must comply with any times, vehicle restrictions or other conditions shown.

Only where local rules or signs specifically allow delivery access. Access may be limited to certain hours, and vehicles may be required to travel at very low speed and give priority to pedestrians.

Not automatically. Loading or unloading does not override general stopping restrictions or rules protecting pavements, cycle paths and other road users.

No. Hazard warning lights warn other road users but do not make an otherwise prohibited stopping or parking position legal.

Yes. Vans and trucks may be subject to low-emission-zone requirements based on factors such as fuel type, vehicle category and emission standard.

Yes. Delivery vehicles may stop frequently, reverse, open doors or move between the roadway and loading areas. Other road users should allow sufficient space and anticipate pedestrians or workers moving around the vehicle.

Idling means keeping a vehicle's engine running while the vehicle remains stationary and the engine is not being used to propel it.

Unnecessary idling uses fuel, produces exhaust emissions and creates noise without moving the vehicle.

No. Rules differ between countries and local authorities. Some prohibit unnecessary idling generally, while others restrict it only in particular locations or circumstances.

Yes. A combustion engine continues to produce exhaust gases while running even though the vehicle is not moving.

Yes. A combustion engine consumes fuel while it remains running, even when the vehicle is stationary.

Where it is safe and legal to switch the engine off, unnecessary prolonged idling should generally be avoided. Local rules may specifically require the engine to be switched off.

No. A vehicle temporarily prevented from moving by traffic conditions is different from a vehicle voluntarily parked or waiting. The rules concerning engine shutdown may therefore differ.

Some laws provide exceptions when the engine is genuinely required to operate refrigeration, hydraulic equipment, emergency equipment or another essential system. The precise exceptions depend on local law.

Unnecessary engine revving should be avoided because it increases noise, fuel consumption and emissions. It may also be specifically prohibited by local traffic or noise regulations.

Not in the conventional combustion-engine sense. An electric vehicle can remain stationary while switched on without an internal-combustion engine running, although electrical systems such as heating or air conditioning may still consume energy.

A tow truck is a specialised vehicle designed to recover, tow, lift or transport vehicles that are disabled, damaged or otherwise need to be removed.

Tow trucks may use a wheel lift, lifting arm, winch, towing equipment or loading platform. The recovery method depends on the type and condition of the vehicle being moved.

A flatbed tow truck carries the recovered vehicle on a loading platform rather than leaving some of its wheels on the road.

A tow truck may be used after a breakdown, collision, vehicle defect or other situation in which a vehicle cannot safely continue or must be removed.

Warning lights alert other road users that the tow truck is working, moving slowly or creating an unusual roadside hazard. The meaning and permitted colour of the lights depend on local law.

Not necessarily. Warning lights used for vehicle recovery usually indicate a hazard rather than giving the tow truck the same legal priority as a police car, ambulance or fire vehicle.

This depends on the local towing rules and equipment. Emergency towing may be permitted under limited conditions, while professional recovery vehicles can use specialised equipment designed for the task.

Yes, where authorised and suitably equipped. Motorway recovery may be subject to special safety procedures because of the high traffic speeds and restricted stopping areas.

Yes. Recovery personnel may be working close to live traffic and vehicles or equipment may occupy part of the roadway. Reduce speed where necessary and leave sufficient space.

Yes, if it is designed and rated for the vehicle concerned. Heavy recovery vehicles use specialised lifting and towing equipment for trucks, buses and other large vehicles.