Support us

QuizTraffic rulesCzechia

Test your knowledge with our multiple-choice quiz. Learn from each answer and improve your understanding of the traffic rules and road signs of Czechia.

For informational purposes only. Always follow official regulations. Some content and images were created with AI assistance.

Traffic signs
Traffic rules
Czechia
True/false 17 Czechia 35 Car controls 109 Dashboard lights 40 Priority rules 9 Pedestrians 19 Cyclists 20 Driving licence 40 Show all 642
What may happen when you press the accelerator fully in an automatic vehicle?

151. What may happen when you press the accelerator fully in an automatic vehicle?

✓ The transmission may shift to a lower gear for stronger acceleration.
The parking brake applies automatically.
The engine switches off.
The transmission selects Park.

In many automatic vehicles, pressing the accelerator fully can activate kickdown, causing the transmission to select a lower gear and provide stronger acceleration.

Accelerator-pedal operation for automatic kickdown
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

152. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

✓ Low fuel level.
Low engine oil.
Engine-temperature warning.
Low washer fluid.

This symbol indicates that the fuel level is low. Refuel soon to reduce the risk of running out of fuel.

Low-fuel warning symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

153. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

The seat belt is not fastened.
The airbag system has a fault.
The anti-theft system is active.
✓ A door is open.

This symbol indicates that one or more vehicle doors are not fully closed. Check that all doors are securely shut before driving.

Door-open warning symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What is the minimum licence for a goods vehicle over 7,500 kg maximum authorised mass?

154. What is the minimum licence for a goods vehicle over 7,500 kg maximum authorised mass?

✓ Licence C.
Licence C1E.
Licence D.
Licence B.

Category C1 is limited to vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 7,500 kg. A goods vehicle above this limit requires category C.

Goods vehicle above 7,500 kg maximum authorised mass
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if it is unsafe to leave a stranded vehicle?

155. What should you do if it is unsafe to leave a stranded vehicle?

Leave the vehicle and wait beside it for help.
Try to push the vehicle out of the traffic lane.
✓ Stay inside, use hazard lights, and call the emergency services.
Walk along the road to find assistance.

If leaving the vehicle would put you in greater danger, remain restrained, make the vehicle visible, contact the emergency services, and follow their instructions.

Vehicle stranded among moving traffic
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
How should you leave a broken-down vehicle when traffic is passing nearby?

156. How should you leave a broken-down vehicle when traffic is passing nearby?

Get out immediately without checking for traffic.
Stand beside the vehicle before moving away.
Walk around the vehicle on the traffic side.
✓ Use the door furthest from moving traffic when it is safe to do so.

Leaving through the side away from traffic reduces the risk of being struck by a passing vehicle.

Leaving a broken-down vehicle away from passing traffic
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should heavy items be placed low and evenly distributed?

157. Why should heavy items be placed low and evenly distributed?

To reduce fuel consumption.
To increase the available luggage space.
✓ To help keep the vehicle stable.
To reduce wear on the engine.

A high or uneven load can make the vehicle unstable, especially during braking, cornering, or sudden steering.

Heavy luggage positioned low in a vehicle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

158. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

Power-steering warning.
✓ Service or maintenance required.
Charging-system warning.
Engine-management warning.

This symbol indicates that the vehicle requires servicing or maintenance. The exact meaning and required maintenance can vary between vehicles, so check the vehicle information display or owner's manual.

Service reminder symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if an object falls into the driver's footwell while driving?

159. What should you do if an object falls into the driver's footwell while driving?

Use your foot to push it towards the passenger side.
Brake suddenly so the object moves forwards.
Keep driving unless the object touches a pedal.
✓ Keep control and stop safely before retrieving it.

Do not reach down for an object while driving, as this takes your attention away from the road and can affect vehicle control. If something falls into the driver's footwell, keep control of the vehicle and stop somewhere safe before removing it.

Dropped object close to the driver's pedals
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if a trailer begins to sway?

160. What should you do if a trailer begins to sway?

Steer quickly from side to side.
Brake hard as soon as the sway begins.
Move into another lane to create more space.
✓ Ease off the accelerator and reduce speed smoothly.

Sudden steering or braking can worsen trailer sway. Stay calm, hold a steady course, and reduce speed smoothly.

Trailer swaying behind a towing vehicle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
When should a passenger get on or off a motorcycle?

161. When should a passenger get on or off a motorcycle?

✓ When the motorcycle is stationary and the rider is ready.
Before the rider has balanced the motorcycle.
Whenever the passenger feels ready.
While the motorcycle is moving slowly.

A passenger getting on or off can shift the motorcycle's balance suddenly. The motorcycle should be stationary and stable, and the passenger should wait until the rider is ready and prepared to support the extra movement.

Passenger getting onto a stationary motorcycle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
You must stop at a red traffic light.

162. You must stop at a red traffic light.

✓ True.
False.

A red traffic light means you must stop and wait until it is allowed to proceed.

Vehicle stopped at a red traffic light
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you check shortly after securing a load?

163. What should you check shortly after securing a load?

Increase speed briefly to test the restraints.
✓ Stop safely and check that the restraints are still tight.
Loosen the restraints slightly after the load has settled.
Assume the load is secure once the journey has started.

Loads and straps may settle or loosen after the journey begins. Recheck them at a safe stopping place.

Rechecking straps securing a vehicle's load
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What is the purpose of cruise control?

164. What is the purpose of cruise control?

To keep a fixed distance from the vehicle ahead.
To prevent the vehicle from exceeding any speed limit.
To steer the vehicle automatically.
✓ To maintain a selected speed without continuous accelerator use.

Cruise control can maintain a selected speed without the driver continuously pressing the accelerator. The driver must remain attentive and ready to brake or take control when necessary.

Vehicle cruise-control buttons and symbol
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you avoid overloading a trailer?

165. Why should you avoid overloading a trailer?

It makes the trailer easier to control.
✓ It can reduce stability and place excessive strain on the vehicle.
It keeps the trailer more stable in strong winds.
It reduces tyre wear on the towing vehicle.

Overloading can affect braking, steering, tyres, suspension, and trailer stability. Always remain within permitted limits. After loading, check that the load is secure and correctly distributed before starting your journey.

Loaded trailer and towing limits
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if your vehicle begins to aquaplane?

166. What should you do if your vehicle begins to aquaplane?

Turn the steering wheel sharply to regain grip.
✓ Ease off the accelerator and keep steering gently.
Change lanes immediately to find a drier surface.
Brake firmly to force the tyres back onto the road.

Aquaplaning happens when the tyres lose contact with the road surface. Ease off the accelerator, avoid sudden movements, and wait for grip to return.

Vehicle losing tyre contact on a water-covered road
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you not use water on a fire involving live electrical equipment?

167. Why should you not use water on a fire involving live electrical equipment?

✓ Water can conduct electricity and create an electric-shock hazard.
Water makes electrical cables harder to disconnect.
Water can make the electrical equipment restart.
Water prevents the power supply from switching off.

Do not use water on a fire involving energised electrical equipment, because water can conduct electricity and create a serious electric-shock hazard. Keep clear, disconnect the power only if it is safe to do so, and call the emergency services. Use only a suitable fire extinguisher if it is safe and you know how to use it.

Fire involving live electrical equipment
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you use your indicator before turning?

168. Why should you use your indicator before turning?

To make other road users stop for you.
✓ To show other road users what you plan to do.
To replace checking mirrors and blind spots.
To give yourself priority over other traffic.

Indicators help other drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians understand your intentions in time.

Vehicle indicator signalling an intended turn
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
How should a three-point seat belt normally be worn during pregnancy?

169. How should a three-point seat belt normally be worn during pregnancy?

✓ With the lap belt low across the hips and the shoulder belt across the chest.
With the lap belt positioned across the abdomen.
With the shoulder belt placed behind the back.
Using only the lap section of the seat belt.

During pregnancy, a three-point seat belt should be worn correctly. The lap belt should sit low across the hips, below the abdomen, while the shoulder belt should pass across the chest and to the side of the abdomen. The belt should fit snugly and should not be placed behind the back or under the arm.

Seat-belt positioning during pregnancy
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should the head restraint be adjusted correctly?

170. Why should the head restraint be adjusted correctly?

To support the lower back.
To make the seat belt tighter.
To improve rear visibility.
✓ To reduce the risk of neck injury in a collision.

A correctly adjusted head restraint helps support the head and can reduce the risk of neck injury, especially in a rear-end collision. The top of the restraint should normally be level with the top of the head.

Adjusting a vehicle seat's head restraint
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if you realise you have put the wrong fuel in your vehicle?

171. What should you do if you realise you have put the wrong fuel in your vehicle?

✓ Do not start the engine, and seek assistance.
Rev the engine briefly to mix the fuels.
Drive until the fuel warning light comes on.
Start the engine and drive slowly to use the fuel.

If you have used the wrong fuel, do not start the engine. Starting it can circulate the incorrect fuel and cause further damage. If possible, avoid switching on the ignition and seek appropriate roadside or workshop assistance.

Fuel nozzle and the risk of misfuelling
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this vehicle-control symbol indicate?

172. What does this vehicle-control symbol indicate?

Air conditioning.
Cabin fan speed.
✓ Airflow direction.
Air recirculation.

This control selects the direction of the ventilation airflow, such as towards the face, feet or windscreen.

Control for directing cabin ventilation airflow
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

173. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

Sidelights.
Main beam.
✓ Dipped headlights.
Rear fog lights.

This symbol indicates that the dipped headlights are switched on. Dipped headlights illuminate the road ahead while limiting glare for other road users.

Dipped-headlight symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if the service brakes fail while driving?

174. What should you do if the service brakes fail while driving?

Shift into neutral and let the vehicle coast to a stop.
Apply the parking brake suddenly at full force.
Continue slowly until the brakes begin working again.
✓ Reduce speed using other available braking methods and stop safely.

Remain calm, warn other road users, and use other available braking methods to reduce speed. This may include engine braking or a lower gear, and careful use of the parking or emergency brake according to the vehicle's design. Steer toward the safest available stopping area.

Vehicle braking-system failure while driving
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Is a fire extinguisher required in cars in Czechia?

175. Is a fire extinguisher required in cars in Czechia?

Yes.
✓ No.

Cars in Czechia are not generally required to carry a fire extinguisher.

Fire extinguisher carried in a vehicle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
How can unnecessary weight affect a vehicle's energy use?

176. How can unnecessary weight affect a vehicle's energy use?

It makes the vehicle easier to accelerate.
It always reduces fuel consumption.
✓ It can increase the energy needed to move the vehicle.
It reduces aerodynamic drag.

Extra weight generally requires more energy when accelerating and climbing. Removing unnecessary heavy items can help reduce fuel or energy consumption while keeping all essential equipment in the vehicle.

Extra luggage adding weight to a vehicle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should a motorcycle helmet be worn correctly and securely fastened?

177. Why should a motorcycle helmet be worn correctly and securely fastened?

✓ To reduce the risk of serious head injury in a collision.
To prevent the motorcycle from skidding.
To reduce fuel consumption at higher speeds.
To make the motorcycle easier to balance.

A correctly fitted and securely fastened motorcycle helmet helps protect the rider's head and can reduce the risk and severity of head injury in a collision or fall.

Motorcyclist wearing a securely fastened helmet
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if a motorcycle's drive chain is too loose?

178. What should you do if a motorcycle's drive chain is too loose?

Keep riding if the motorcycle still moves normally.
✓ Adjust it correctly or have it checked before riding.
Tighten it as much as possible.
Increase speed to keep the chain under tension.

A loose drive chain can affect power transmission, damage components, or come off the sprockets. The chain should have the correct tension and lubrication specified by the motorcycle manufacturer. A chain that is too tight can also cause damage.

Loose drive chain on a motorcycle
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do before rejoining traffic after a breakdown?

179. What should you do before rejoining traffic after a breakdown?

✓ Check all around, signal, and enter only when there is a safe gap.
Enter the lane slowly so other traffic has time to react.
Pull out as soon as there is enough space for your vehicle.
Signal and expect approaching traffic to slow down.

Check mirrors and blind spots, signal clearly, and build up speed safely without causing approaching traffic to brake suddenly.

Vehicle preparing to rejoin traffic after a breakdown
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do before driving with a load?

180. What should you do before driving with a load?

✓ Make sure it is properly secured and cannot move or fall.
Leave light items loose for short journeys.
Secure only the heaviest items.
Check the load only after you have started driving.

An unsecured load can shift, affect vehicle control, or fall into the road. Check that everything is safely restrained before moving.

Checking a vehicle's load before setting off
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why are reversing and making a U-turn on a motorway extremely dangerous?

181. Why are reversing and making a U-turn on a motorway extremely dangerous?

✓ Other drivers approach quickly and do not expect traffic facing them.
The speedometer may become less accurate.
The steering may become heavier while turning around.
The vehicle may use more fuel during the manoeuvre.

Motorway traffic travels at high speed. Unexpected reversing or turning can cause a severe collision.

Vehicle on a motorway hard shoulder
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you use a lower gear when driving downhill?

182. Why should you use a lower gear when driving downhill?

It allows the vehicle to coast more freely.
It reduces engine braking to save fuel.
✓ It helps control speed using engine braking.
It makes the steering lighter on descents.

Engine braking helps prevent the vehicle from gaining too much speed and reduces strain on the brakes.

Lower-gear selection for a downhill road
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Can coffee, energy drinks, fresh air, or loud music replace proper rest when you are tired?

183. Can coffee, energy drinks, fresh air, or loud music replace proper rest when you are tired?

✓ No, they may only increase alertness temporarily.
Yes, if you use several of them together.
Only coffee can replace proper rest.
Yes, but only during daylight.

Coffee, energy drinks, fresh air, or loud music may make you feel more alert for a short time, but they do not remove fatigue. If you are too tired to drive safely, stop somewhere safe and get proper rest.

Stimulant drinks and driver tiredness
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Which vehicles are covered by driving licence C1?

184. Which vehicles are covered by driving licence C1?

✓ Non-bus vehicles over 3,500 kg and up to 7,500 kg.
Buses carrying more than eight passengers.
Any heavy vehicle with a heavy trailer.
Vehicles up to 3,500 kg only.

Category C1 covers motor vehicles, other than buses, with a maximum authorised mass above 3,500 kg and not exceeding 7,500 kg. They may carry no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver and may tow a trailer up to 750 kg.

Goods vehicle covered by category C1
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Which control is normally used to operate the direction indicators?

185. Which control is normally used to operate the direction indicators?

✓ The steering-column indicator stalk.
The hazard-warning button.
The windscreen-wiper stalk.
The cruise-control button.

The direction indicators are normally operated using a stalk beside the steering wheel. Moving the stalk up or down activates the indicators on the corresponding side of the vehicle.

Steering-column stalk for the direction indicators
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you leave extra space when passing road workers?

186. Why should you leave extra space when passing road workers?

Road workers are protected by the construction barriers.
✓ They may be working close to moving traffic.
To avoid damaging temporary road markings.
Road workers always have priority over passing traffic.

Workers may be only a short distance from passing vehicles. Reduce speed and leave as much safe space as possible.

Vehicle passing workers close to the road
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

187. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

Brake-system warning.
✓ Power-steering warning.
Charging-system warning.
Electronic stability control.

This symbol indicates a possible fault with the power-steering system. Steering assistance may be reduced or unavailable, making the steering wheel harder to turn.

Power-steering warning symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do when approaching a hill crest?

188. What should you do when approaching a hill crest?

Overtake before reaching the crest.
✓ Slow down and be prepared for hidden hazards.
Follow the vehicle ahead closely for guidance.
Move toward the centre of the road for a better view.

A hill crest can hide vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, or obstacles. Reduce speed and stay in your lane.

Vehicle approaching the crest of a hill
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should motorcyclists take extra care on wet metal covers?

189. Why should motorcyclists take extra care on wet metal covers?

They can make the tyres overheat.
They can make the suspension become stiffer.
✓ They can provide much less grip than the surrounding road.
They can increase the motorcycle's braking power.

Wet metal surfaces, such as drain or inspection covers, can provide much less grip than the surrounding road. Cross them smoothly, keep the motorcycle as upright as practical and avoid sudden braking, acceleration or steering.

Wet metal cover in a motorcycle's path
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if animals are gathered beside a narrow rural road?

190. What should you do if animals are gathered beside a narrow rural road?

Maintain speed because the animals are beside the road.
Use the opposite lane without checking.
✓ Reduce speed and pass only when there is enough space.
Sound your horn so the animals move away.

Animals beside a narrow road may step into your path. Slow down and leave as much safe space as possible.

Animals gathered beside a narrow rural road
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if your vehicle becomes stuck on a railway crossing?

191. What should you do if your vehicle becomes stuck on a railway crossing?

✓ Get everyone out, move away, and contact the emergency services.
Try to restart the vehicle until help arrives.
Stay inside the vehicle and call for assistance.
Walk along the tracks to look for help.

Move everyone well away from the tracks. Use the crossing emergency telephone or displayed contact information where available, or contact the emergency services immediately.

Vehicle stranded on a railway crossing
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you avoid resting your foot on the clutch pedal while driving?

192. Why should you avoid resting your foot on the clutch pedal while driving?

It can increase tyre pressure.
✓ It can cause unnecessary clutch wear.
It can lock the steering.
It can apply the parking brake.

Resting your foot on the clutch pedal can apply slight pressure to the clutch mechanism and cause unnecessary wear. Keep your left foot off the clutch when it is not needed.

Foot position near the clutch pedal
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Should passengers travel in an ordinary goods trailer?

193. Should passengers travel in an ordinary goods trailer?

Yes, if the passengers remain seated on the floor.
✓ No, passengers should travel in approved seating positions.
Only on short journeys or quiet roads.
Yes, if the trailer is travelling at low speed.

An ordinary goods trailer is not designed to carry passengers and normally has no suitable seats or restraint systems. Passengers should travel in seating positions designed and approved for carrying people. Special passenger-carrying trailers may be subject to different local rules.

Ordinary goods trailer and passenger safety
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What is black ice?

194. What is black ice?

Snow mixed with road dirt.
Ice that forms only during darkness.
✓ A thin, often transparent layer of ice that can be difficult to see.
A dark patch of wet asphalt.

Black ice is difficult to detect because the road surface may look merely wet. It can cause a sudden and severe loss of grip.

Thin ice covering a road surface
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What normally happens to cruise control when you press the brake pedal?

195. What normally happens to cruise control when you press the brake pedal?

✓ Cruise control is cancelled or temporarily disengaged.
The parking brake is applied.
The accelerator pedal locks in position.
The selected speed increases.

Pressing the brake pedal normally cancels or temporarily disengages cruise control, returning speed control to the driver.

Brake-pedal operation to disengage cruise control
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Which pedal is used to increase the vehicle's speed?

196. Which pedal is used to increase the vehicle's speed?

The footrest.
The brake pedal.
✓ The accelerator pedal.
The clutch pedal.

The accelerator pedal controls the amount of power delivered by the engine and is used to increase or maintain the vehicle's speed. It is the right-hand pedal.

Accelerator pedal in the driver's footwell
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
Why should you avoid stopping in a blind spot of a large vehicle?

197. Why should you avoid stopping in a blind spot of a large vehicle?

✓ The driver may not be able to see you.
The driver can always see you in the mirrors.
Large vehicles always have priority when changing lanes.
Stopping beside a large vehicle makes you easier to see.

Large vehicles have bigger blind spots. If you stop where the driver cannot see you, you may be at risk when the vehicle moves or turns.

Vehicle positioned in a large vehicle's blind spot
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What makes up the total stopping distance of a vehicle?

198. What makes up the total stopping distance of a vehicle?

Reaction distance and following distance.
Braking distance and overtaking distance.
✓ Reaction distance and braking distance.
Visibility distance and reaction distance.

The total stopping distance consists of the distance travelled while the driver reacts to a hazard plus the distance travelled while the vehicle is braking to a stop.

Reaction and braking distances before a vehicle stops
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What should you do if an unusual vibration develops in the steering wheel?

199. What should you do if an unusual vibration develops in the steering wheel?

Hold the steering wheel more tightly and continue.
Reduce the tyre pressure slightly to smooth the ride.
Increase speed until the vibration becomes less noticeable.
✓ Reduce speed and have the tyres, wheels, and steering checked.

An unusual vibration may indicate tyre damage, wheel imbalance, loose components, or another mechanical fault. Reduce speed and arrange an inspection.

Driver experiencing vibration through the steering wheel
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA
What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

200. What does this dashboard symbol indicate?

Adaptive cruise control.
Parking assistance.
Automatic emergency braking.
✓ Lane-departure warning.

This symbol relates to the lane-departure warning or lane-keeping system. The system monitors the vehicle's position within its lane and may warn the driver if the vehicle begins to leave the lane unintentionally.

Lane-departure warning symbol on the dashboard
AI-generated by Traffic-rules.com • WCIT • CC BY-SA