1. Data controller

The person responsible for determining why and how personal data is processed through the Websites is:

2. Personal data we collect

The personal data we collect depends on how you use the Websites.

2.1 Information you provide

You may provide personal data when you:

• create or manage an account;
• purchase or manage a subscription;
• request a cancellation or refund;
• submit a comment;
• contact us or request support;
• report a technical, security or payment problem;
• otherwise communicate with us.

This information may include:

• your email address;
• your account name, username or display name;
• your password in encrypted or hashed form;
• your preferred language and country;
• your subscription and account status;
• the content of comments, messages, questions and feedback you submit;
• information reasonably required to investigate an account, payment, refund or technical issue.

Do not send passwords, complete payment-card details, identification documents, health information or other sensitive personal data unless it is strictly necessary and we have specifically requested it.

2.2 Information collected automatically

When you visit or use the Websites, certain technical information may be collected automatically by our servers, hosting provider and enabled third-party services.

This information may include:

• your Internet Protocol address;
• browser type and version;
• device type and operating system;
• browser language and approximate country or region;
• requested pages and resources;
• the date and time of access;
• the referring page or website;
• session, cookie and consent identifiers;
• technical errors, security events and server-log information;
• interactions with advertisements, Website searches or embedded content.

Some technical information may constitute personal data, particularly when it can be connected with an account, device or unique identifier.

2.3 Information received from payment providers

When you make a payment, Paymentwall or another applicable payment provider may provide us with transaction information required to manage the payment and subscription.

This information may include:

• a payment or transaction reference;
• the subscription plan purchased;
• the payment amount and currency;
• the purchase or renewal date;
• the payment, renewal, refund or chargeback status;
• limited billing or customer-identification information;
• fraud-prevention or payment-verification information.

Payment details are normally submitted directly to Paymentwall or the applicable financial provider. We do not normally receive or store your complete payment-card number, card security code or online-banking credentials.

3. How we use personal data

We may process personal data for the following purposes:

• to provide, operate, maintain and secure the Websites;
• to create, authenticate and manage user accounts;
• to provide free and paid Website features;
• to provide paid access and manage subscriptions;
• to process payments, renewals, cancellations, refunds and payment disputes;
• to remember language, country, login, consent and other Website preferences;
• to receive, store, publish, translate and moderate comments;
• to respond to questions, complaints, technical issues and support requests;
• to detect, prevent and investigate spam, fraud, abuse, attacks and security incidents;
• to maintain server logs and diagnose technical problems;
• to display and measure advertising, subject to consent where required;
• to provide Website search and embedded third-party content;
• to comply with accounting, tax, consumer-protection and other legal obligations;
• to establish, exercise or defend legal claims;
• to improve the Websites, subscriptions, content and user experience.

4. Legal bases for processing

Where the General Data Protection Regulation or similar data-protection legislation applies, we rely on one or more of the following legal bases.

4.1 Performance of a contract

We process personal data when this is necessary to create or manage your account, provide a subscription, manage paid access, process a refund or provide another service you requested.

4.2 Legal obligations

We process and retain certain information where this is required by accounting, taxation, consumer-protection, fraud-prevention or other applicable laws.

4.3 Legitimate interests

We may process personal data where this is necessary for our legitimate interests or those of another party, provided that those interests are not overridden by your rights and freedoms.

These interests may include:

• operating, maintaining and improving the Websites;
• publishing and moderating comments submitted by users;
• providing customer support;
• maintaining network and information security;
• preventing spam, fraud, abuse and attacks;
• keeping appropriate business and technical records;
• establishing, exercising or defending legal claims.

4.4 Consent

We rely on consent where required for advertising cookies, personalised advertising, embedded third-party content or other non-essential technologies.

You may withdraw your consent at any time. Withdrawing consent does not affect the lawfulness of processing carried out before consent was withdrawn.

5. Required and optional information

Certain information is required to create an account, process a payment, provide a subscription, identify a transaction or respond to a request.

If you do not provide required information, we may be unable to create the account, process the transaction, provide paid access, investigate the problem or fulfil the request.

Submitting comments, feedback and other optional communications is voluntary.

6. Accounts and subscriptions

When you create an account, we process the information required to register, authenticate and administer that account.

Account and subscription information may be used to:

• identify you when you sign in;
• provide restricted or paid features;
• display and manage your subscription status;
• remember account settings;
• protect your account against unauthorised access;
• communicate about important account, payment, security or service matters.

You are responsible for keeping your login information confidential. Contact us promptly if you believe that your account has been accessed without permission.

7. Quiz answers and progress

The Websites provide traffic-rules quizzes and similar educational features.

Quiz answers and progress are not currently stored by us as account-linked progress. Information required to display and operate a quiz may be processed temporarily during your visit or stored locally in your browser where applicable.

If we introduce account-linked quiz history, saved progress, scores or personalised learning features in the future, this Privacy Policy will be updated before or when that processing begins.

8. Comments

When you submit a comment through the Websites, the comment is sent to and stored in our database.

Depending on how the comment feature is used, the stored or associated information may include:

• the comment text;
• the page, topic, language or country version connected with the comment;
• the date and time of submission;
• your account identifier, username or display name, where applicable;
• an email address or other information you voluntarily include or provide;
• the comment’s publication or moderation status.

Technical server logs may separately contain your Internet Protocol address, browser information and other request information connected with the submission.

Comments may be reviewed, translated, approved, rejected, edited or removed for moderation, presentation, security or legal reasons. This may include preventing spam, abuse, unlawful material and violations of our Terms of Service.

If a comment is published, it can be read, copied or shared by other Website visitors. Do not include information in a comment that you do not want to make publicly available.

Do not include passwords, payment information, identification documents, health information or other sensitive personal data in a comment.

8.1 Comment translations

Comments may be translated so that they can be displayed in additional languages. Translation may be performed manually or using translation software.

We will not send comment text to an external artificial-intelligence or translation provider unless the relevant privacy information has first been updated to explain the provider or provider category, the information transmitted, applicable retention arrangements and any relevant international-transfer safeguards.

9. Payments and Paymentwall

Payments and recurring billing are processed through Paymentwall and the payment methods made available through its services.

Paymentwall may independently collect and process personal data for:

• payment authorisation;
• transaction processing;
• fraud prevention and risk assessment;
• regulatory compliance;
• subscription renewals;
• refunds and chargebacks;
• payment disputes;
• customer support.

Paymentwall’s processing is governed by its own Privacy Policy and applicable terms.

We normally receive only the information reasonably required to confirm and administer the transaction, subscription, renewal, cancellation, refund or payment dispute.

10. Cookies and similar technologies

The Websites use cookies and similar technologies, which may include local storage, pixels, tags and unique identifiers.

These technologies may be used to:

• maintain secure sessions and account logins;
• protect forms and prevent fraudulent requests;
• remember language, country and consent preferences;
• provide requested Website functionality;
• display and measure advertisements;
• provide Website searches;
• load videos and other third-party content.

Strictly necessary technologies may be used without consent where permitted because they are required to provide a service you requested or to protect the Websites.

Non-essential technologies are used in accordance with your consent choices where consent is required by applicable law.

Additional information about cookie categories, providers, purposes and durations is provided in our Cookie Policy and consent interface.

11. Cookie and privacy preferences

You can use the privacy or cookie settings made available on the Websites to accept, reject or manage categories of non-essential technologies.

You may change or withdraw your choices at any time through those settings. You may also delete or block cookies through your browser settings.

Blocking strictly necessary cookies may prevent account login, paid access, security features or other parts of the Websites from working correctly.

12. Google advertising services

The Websites use Google AdSense and related Google advertising services to display and measure advertisements.

Depending on your location, consent choices, browser settings and Google settings, Google and participating advertising providers may process information such as:

• your Internet Protocol address;
• cookie, consent or device identifiers;
• browser and device information;
• the page you visited;
• advertisement impressions and interactions;
• advertising measurement information;
• approximate location and language information;
• information used to prevent fraud and abuse.

Where required, personalised advertising and advertising-related storage or access on your device will be based on your consent.

If you do not consent, advertisements may be non-personalised, limited or unavailable, depending on the relevant service, technology and legal requirements.

Google and participating advertising providers may act as separate data controllers for some processing activities.

More information is available in the Google Privacy Policy and Google’s information about how Google uses information from sites that use its services.

The consent interface may identify additional advertising providers that may receive data when you give the relevant permission.

13. Google consent-management services

The Websites may use Google’s consent-management services, including European regulations messages and Funding Choices, to request, store and communicate privacy and advertising choices.

These services may process:

• your consent selections;
• consent strings and consent records;
• cookie, device or browser identifiers;
• your Internet Protocol address;
• limited browser and technical information required to display and record the consent message.

Consent records may be retained where reasonably necessary to respect your choices and demonstrate compliance with applicable legal requirements.

14. Google Programmable Search

Some Website search features use Google Programmable Search Engine.

When you use such a search feature, your search query and certain technical information may be transmitted to Google so that search results can be provided.

Google may also use cookies or similar technologies in connection with search functionality, sponsored results, security and measurement, subject to applicable consent requirements.

Do not enter personal, confidential or sensitive information into a Website search box.

Google processes information obtained through these services in accordance with its own Privacy Policy.

15. Analytics and technical measurement

We do not currently use Google Analytics.

Our servers and hosting services may nevertheless process limited technical information and logs to:

• deliver requested pages and files;
• maintain Website availability and performance;
• identify errors and broken functionality;
• detect attacks, abuse and unusual activity;
• protect accounts and administrative systems.

Advertising, search and embedded-content providers may perform their own measurement in connection with their services, as described in this Policy and their own privacy notices.

16. Embedded videos and third-party content

The Websites may contain embedded videos, images, maps or other content provided by third parties, including YouTube.

When third-party content is loaded or activated, the provider may receive technical information such as:

• your Internet Protocol address;
• browser and device information;
• the page containing the embedded content;
• your interactions with that content.

The provider may also read or place cookies where permitted by your consent choices and applicable law.

Where practical, we may use privacy-enhanced embedding or delay non-essential third-party content until the appropriate permission has been given.

Third-party providers process personal data under their own privacy policies and terms.

17. Communications and support

When you contact us, we process your contact details, message and related information to respond to your request.

We may retain correspondence where reasonably necessary to:

• provide support or resolve an issue;
• manage an account, subscription, refund or complaint;
• maintain appropriate business records;
• prevent repeated abuse or fraud;
• establish, exercise or defend legal claims;
• comply with a legal obligation.

We do not currently send unrelated promotional emails solely because you created an account or purchased a subscription.

18. How we share personal data

We may provide personal data to the following categories of recipients where reasonably necessary:

• hosting, infrastructure, security and technical-service providers;
• Paymentwall and other payment or financial-service providers;
• Google and participating advertising providers;
• consent-management, Website-search and embedded-content providers;
• email, communication and customer-support providers;
• translation or artificial-intelligence service providers if such external processing is introduced and disclosed;
• professional advisers such as accountants, insurers and legal advisers;
• public authorities, courts, regulators or law-enforcement bodies where disclosure is legally required or necessary to protect legal rights;
• a successor or potential successor in connection with a lawful business transfer, subject to appropriate safeguards.

Service providers acting on our behalf may process personal data only for the agreed purposes and subject to applicable contractual and legal requirements.

Some third parties, including payment providers and advertising platforms, may independently determine certain purposes and means of processing and may therefore act as separate data controllers.

We do not sell personal data in the ordinary sense of exchanging personal data for money. However, disclosures involving advertising cookies or identifiers may be treated as a “sale”, “sharing” or targeted advertising under the laws of certain jurisdictions.

19. International data transfers

Some service providers may process personal data in countries outside Belgium or outside the European Economic Area.

Where personal data is transferred outside the European Economic Area and applicable law requires safeguards, the transfer will be based on an appropriate legal mechanism, which may include:

• an adequacy decision adopted by the European Commission;
• the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses;
• binding corporate rules where applicable;
• another transfer mechanism or derogation permitted by applicable law.

You may contact us for further information about safeguards relevant to personal data processed under our responsibility.

20. Data retention

We retain personal data only for as long as reasonably necessary for the purpose for which it was collected, including providing services and complying with legal, accounting, security and dispute-resolution requirements.

The following criteria generally apply:

• account information is retained while the account remains active and for a reasonable period after closure where necessary for security, dispute resolution or legal compliance;
• subscription and transaction records are retained for the period required by applicable accounting, taxation, consumer-protection and anti-fraud obligations;
• comments may be retained while they remain published or while they are reasonably required for moderation, security, legal or record-keeping purposes;
• removed comments may be retained for a limited period in backups, moderation records or security records;
• support correspondence is retained for as long as reasonably necessary to resolve the matter and maintain an appropriate record;
• server and security logs are normally retained for a limited period unless they are needed to investigate an incident or protect legal rights;
• consent records may be retained for as long as necessary to respect your choices and demonstrate compliance;
• cookie durations are described in the Cookie Policy or consent interface.

When personal data is no longer needed, it will be deleted, anonymised or securely isolated unless continued retention is required by law.

21. Security

We use reasonable technical and organisational measures designed to protect personal data against unauthorised access, alteration, disclosure, loss, destruction and misuse.

These measures may include:

• encrypted connections;
• access controls;
• password hashing;
• software and security updates;
• backups;
• security and error logging;
• restrictions on access to administrative systems.

No online service or method of electronic storage can be guaranteed to be completely secure.

You should use a unique password, protect your login credentials and contact us promptly if you suspect unauthorised access.

22. Your data-protection rights

Depending on the applicable law, legal basis and circumstances, you may have the right to:

• receive information about how your personal data is processed;
• request access to your personal data;
• request correction of inaccurate or incomplete personal data;
• request deletion of personal data;
• request restriction of processing;
• object to processing based on legitimate interests;
• object to direct marketing;
• receive certain personal data in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format;
• request that certain personal data be transferred to another controller where applicable and technically feasible;
• withdraw consent at any time where processing is based on consent;
• lodge a complaint with a competent supervisory authority;
• not be subject to certain decisions based solely on automated processing that produce legal or similarly significant effects.

These rights are not absolute. A request may be limited or refused where permitted by law, including where information must be retained to comply with a legal obligation or to establish, exercise or defend legal claims.

23. Exercising your rights

To exercise a data-protection right, contact us at hostmaster@traffic-rules.com.

Please describe your request clearly and identify the account, comment or email address concerned.

We may request additional information where reasonably necessary to confirm your identity and prevent unauthorised access, disclosure, amendment or deletion.

We will respond without undue delay and normally within one month where the GDPR applies. This period may be extended where permitted for complex or numerous requests.

Data-protection requests are normally handled without charge. A reasonable fee may be requested, or a request may be refused, where permitted by law because it is manifestly unfounded or excessive.

24. Complaints

Please contact us first if you have a concern about how your personal data has been handled so that we have an opportunity to investigate and respond.

You also have the right to lodge a complaint with the Belgian Data Protection Authority or another competent supervisory authority, particularly in the country where you live, work or believe a data-protection infringement occurred.

25. Children’s privacy

The Websites provide general educational information that may be viewed by people of different ages. However, account and subscription services are not specifically designed to collect personal data from young children.

Children and young people should not submit personal data, publish comments or purchase a subscription without the involvement of a parent or legal guardian where this is required by applicable law.

If we learn that personal data relating to a child was collected in violation of applicable law, we will take reasonable steps to delete it or obtain the legally required authorisation.

A parent or legal guardian who believes that a child has improperly provided personal data may contact us.

26. Automated decision-making

We do not use personal data under our control to make decisions based solely on automated processing that produce legal effects or similarly significant effects for Website users.

Payment providers, advertising providers and security services may use automated systems for fraud detection, risk analysis, advertisement selection, abuse prevention or transaction verification under their own policies and legal responsibilities.

27. External links

The Websites contain links to external websites, services and resources that we do not operate.

When you follow an external link, the destination provider may collect and process personal data under its own privacy policy.

We are not responsible for the privacy practices, security or content of independent third-party websites.

28. Changes to this Privacy Policy

We may update this Privacy Policy to reflect changes to the Websites, subscriptions, comment functionality, service providers, processing activities, security practices or legal obligations.

The latest version will be published on this page with an updated effective date and version number.

Where a change materially affects how personal data is processed, we may provide additional notice through the Websites, an account notification or email where appropriate.

29. Contact information

Questions, privacy requests and complaints may be sent to: