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The dashboard is the panel in front of the driver that displays vehicle information and contains controls, gauges and warning indicators.

A dashboard may show the speed, fuel or battery level, engine information, warning lights, turn indicators and safety-system status. The exact display depends on the vehicle.

Colours generally indicate the importance or function of a dashboard light. Red often indicates a serious warning, yellow or amber usually indicates caution, and green or blue commonly indicates that a system is active. Symbols and meanings can differ between vehicles, so consult the vehicle manual.

Identify the warning and follow the instructions in the vehicle manual. A red warning light may require you to stop safely as soon as possible, while other warnings may indicate that the vehicle should be checked or repaired.

The instrument cluster is the part of the dashboard directly in front of the driver that contains the main gauges, displays and warning lights.

Yes. Many modern vehicles use a digital dashboard or digital instrument cluster that displays vehicle information on one or more electronic screens instead of traditional analogue gauges.

A windscreen wiper is a device that moves across the windscreen to remove rain, snow, dirt and moisture so the driver can maintain a clear view of the road.

Windscreen wipers help maintain clear visibility in bad weather and when the windscreen becomes dirty. Poor visibility can make it harder to detect traffic, pedestrians, signs and hazards.

Wiper blades should be replaced when they are worn, cracked, damaged or no longer clean the windscreen effectively. Common signs include streaking, skipping, squeaking or areas of the windscreen remaining wet.

The windscreen washer system sprays cleaning fluid onto the windscreen so the wipers can remove dirt and improve visibility.

Driving with defective windscreen wipers can be unsafe and may be illegal where functioning wipers are required. The driver must be able to maintain adequate visibility through the windscreen.

Many vehicles have a rear window wiper, especially hatchbacks, estate cars and SUVs. Whether one is fitted or legally required depends on the vehicle design and applicable regulations.

Vehicle doors help protect occupants and keep them safely inside the vehicle. They should close securely and must not open unexpectedly while driving.

The door, hinges, catches, locking mechanism and surrounding structure should be secure and in good condition so the door can open and close properly.

A door that cannot remain securely closed can be dangerous and may make the vehicle unroadworthy. It should be repaired before the vehicle is used.

The basic requirement is the same: the door must open and close correctly and remain securely closed. The exact inspection method can depend on the type of door and vehicle.

Yes. Damaged, loose or badly worn hinges can prevent a door from closing correctly or allow it to move unexpectedly.

A glovebox is a storage compartment in the dashboard, usually located in front of the passenger seat. It is also called a glove compartment.

The name comes from the early use of the compartment for storing driving gloves. Today it is commonly used for vehicle documents and other small items.

A glovebox is commonly used for vehicle documents, the owner’s manual and small useful items. What should be kept in the vehicle depends on local legal requirements and personal preference.

Yes. Keeping the glovebox properly closed while driving prevents it from obstructing the passenger area and helps stop loose objects from falling out.

It is generally better not to leave valuable or sensitive items in an unattended vehicle, as a glovebox does not provide strong protection against theft.

Yes. The interior of a parked vehicle can become very hot, and the glovebox can also heat up. Avoid storing heat-sensitive or potentially dangerous items there.

Visibility describes how clearly a driver can see the road, traffic and hazards and how easily other road users can see the vehicle.

Visibility can be reduced by darkness, fog, rain, snow, glare, dirty or misted windows and objects that obstruct the driver’s view.

Keep the windscreen, windows, mirrors and lights clean, remove condensation or ice before driving and use the appropriate lights when conditions require them.

Yes. Objects placed on the dashboard, windscreen or elsewhere around the driver can block part of the field of vision and make it harder to detect road users or hazards.

Reduce your speed, increase your following distance and use the appropriate lights. Make sure you can see far enough ahead to react safely to traffic and obstacles.

Mirrors extend the driver’s view to the rear and sides of the vehicle. They should be clean and correctly adjusted, although drivers must still check blind spots where necessary.

Rain can reduce visibility and tyre grip, increase stopping distances and make it more difficult to control the vehicle safely.

Aquaplaning occurs when a layer of water builds up between the tyres and the road, causing the tyres to lose contact with the road surface and reducing steering and braking control.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth steering, acceleration and braking. Use the appropriate lights and be prepared for reduced visibility and standing water.

Wet roads can increase the distance needed to stop. A larger following distance gives you more time and space to react safely.

Remain calm, ease off the accelerator and avoid sudden braking or steering. Make smooth corrections until the tyres regain contact with the road.

Lighting requirements vary between countries. Drivers should use the lights required by local traffic rules whenever rain or other conditions reduce visibility.

Fog can greatly reduce visibility and make it harder to judge speed, distance and the movement of other road users.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use the appropriate lights. Drive so that you can stop safely within the distance you can clearly see.

Usually not. High beams can reflect from the water droplets in fog and make visibility worse. Use the lighting permitted and recommended under local traffic rules.

Fog lights are intended for conditions where fog or similar weather significantly reduces visibility. The exact rules for front and rear fog lights vary between countries.

No. You should maintain your own safe speed and following distance. Following another vehicle too closely can be dangerous because visibility and stopping distance remain limited.

If visibility becomes too poor to continue safely, slow down and consider stopping at a safe place away from moving traffic until conditions improve.

Hail can reduce visibility and tyre grip, make the road slippery and distract drivers because of the sudden noise and impact of hailstones.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth steering and braking. If the hail becomes severe or visibility is very poor, consider stopping at a safe place away from moving traffic.

Yes. Hailstones can collect on the road and create a slippery surface with reduced tyre grip, particularly when mixed with rain or melting ice.

Yes. Large hailstones can damage windscreens, windows, mirrors and vehicle bodywork. Severe hail can also reduce visibility if glass becomes cracked or damaged.

Use the lights required by local traffic rules when hail or other weather reduces visibility. Lighting requirements vary between countries.

If visibility or road conditions become too dangerous, it may be safer to stop at a suitable place away from moving traffic and continue when conditions improve.

Bright or low sunlight can cause glare and temporarily reduce visibility, making traffic lights, signs, pedestrians and other road users more difficult to see.

Glare is often strongest when the sun is low in the sky, particularly around sunrise and sunset, and when sunlight reflects from wet roads, snow, glass or other bright surfaces.

Reduce speed and increase your following distance so you have more time to react. Use the sun visor where helpful and avoid continuing at a speed that is too high for the available visibility.

Yes. Dirt, grease, dust and streaks on the glass can scatter bright sunlight and make glare much worse. Keep the windscreen clean inside and outside.

Suitable sunglasses can reduce glare and improve visual comfort in bright conditions. They should not be so dark that they significantly reduce visibility, especially when entering tunnels or shaded areas.

Yes. A correctly positioned sun visor can block direct sunlight without unnecessarily obstructing the driver’s view of the road.

Yes. Sunglasses can reduce glare and improve visual comfort in bright sunlight, making it easier to see the road and surrounding traffic.

They are particularly useful when the sun is low in the sky or when bright light reflects from wet roads, snow, glass or other surfaces.

Very dark lenses can reduce the amount of light reaching the eyes and may make it difficult to see in tunnels, shade, poor weather or at night. Sunglasses should not interfere with safe visibility.

Sunglasses generally reduce available light and can therefore make it harder to see at night. They should not be worn when they significantly reduce visibility.

Polarised lenses can reduce reflections from roads and other flat surfaces, but they may make some digital displays or screens harder to read. Drivers should make sure all essential instruments remain clearly visible.

If the lenses make the darker environment difficult to see, remove the sunglasses when it is safe to do so. Drivers should always maintain adequate visibility as lighting conditions change.

Salt helps lower the freezing point of water, making it harder for ice to form and helping existing snow or ice melt.

Anti-icing means treating the road before ice forms, while deicing means applying salt or another treatment after snow or ice is already present.

Brine is a solution of salt and water that can be sprayed onto roads before freezing conditions occur. It helps the salt begin working quickly and can reduce ice formation.

No. Salt can improve grip by reducing snow and ice, but treated roads can still be slippery. Drivers should continue to reduce speed and increase their following distance.

No. The effectiveness of salt decreases as temperatures become very low. Road authorities may use different treatments or methods depending on the weather and road conditions.

Repeated exposure to road salt can contribute to corrosion of metal parts, particularly underneath the vehicle. Washing accumulated salt from the vehicle can help reduce this effect.

Air conditioning cools and dehumidifies the air inside the vehicle, helping improve comfort and reduce moisture on the windows.

Yes. Because air conditioning removes moisture from the air, it can help clear condensation from the windscreen and windows more quickly.

Yes. Air conditioning can still be useful in winter because it reduces humidity inside the vehicle and can help demist the windows.

Yes. Operating the air-conditioning system requires energy and can increase fuel or electricity consumption, although the effect depends on the vehicle, system and conditions.

Yes. Regular use and maintenance can help keep the system effective. A poorly functioning system may cool less efficiently or fail to remove moisture properly.

Yes, in many vehicles and countries air conditioning itself is not required. However, the driver must still maintain adequate visibility and safe conditions inside the vehicle.

Hydroplaning occurs when water separates the tyres from the road surface, reducing or temporarily removing normal tyre grip.

The risk increases with higher speed, standing water, worn tyres and insufficient tyre tread. Tyre pressure and road conditions can also affect the risk.

Reduce speed in heavy rain, avoid driving through deep standing water where possible and keep your tyres properly maintained with sufficient tread depth.

Remain calm, ease off the accelerator and avoid sudden braking or steering. Keep the steering movements smooth and controlled until the tyres regain contact with the road.

Yes. Tyre grooves help move water away from the contact area. Worn tyres can remove less water, increasing the risk of losing grip on a wet road.

There is no single speed at which hydroplaning always begins. The risk depends on speed, water depth, tyre condition, tyre pressure and the road surface.

Distracted driving occurs when a driver's visual, manual or mental attention is diverted from driving and the surrounding traffic.

Common distractions include mobile phones, navigation systems, passengers, eating, adjusting vehicle controls and looking away from the road.

Using a phone can combine visual, manual and mental distraction, reducing the driver's ability to notice hazards and react quickly.

Yes. Even when the driver's hands remain on the wheel, a conversation can create mental distraction and reduce attention to traffic.

Yes. Entering destinations or repeatedly looking at a screen can divert attention from the road. Set the route before driving whenever possible and use voice guidance where helpful.

Prepare navigation and vehicle settings before moving, secure loose objects, keep your phone away from unnecessary use and focus continuously on the road and traffic.

Yes. Strong emotions can affect attention, judgement, reaction time and decision-making, which can make safe driving more difficult.

Anger can lead to impatience, aggressive manoeuvres, speeding or reduced attention. Drivers should avoid reacting emotionally to other road users.

Yes. Stress can make it harder to focus on traffic and process information calmly, especially in complex or busy situations.

If your emotional state is affecting concentration or judgement, stop or delay the journey when possible and continue only when you feel able to drive safely.

Yes. Positive emotions such as excitement can still reduce concentration or encourage impulsive behaviour if they take attention away from driving.

Allow enough travel time, avoid reacting to aggressive drivers, keep a safe distance and take a break when stress or frustration becomes difficult to manage.

Road rage is aggressive, hostile or intimidating behaviour directed at other road users, often caused by anger or frustration in traffic.

Examples can include tailgating, excessive honking, shouting, threatening gestures, deliberately blocking another vehicle or aggressive overtaking and lane changes.

Anger can reduce judgement and encourage impulsive or risky driving, increasing the chance of collisions and escalating conflicts between road users.

Stay calm, avoid confrontation, maintain a safe distance and do not retaliate or copy the other driver's behaviour. If necessary, move away from the situation when it is safe to do so.

Generally, no. Confrontation can make the situation more dangerous. It is usually safer to remain in your vehicle and create distance from the aggressive road user.

Allow enough travel time, accept that other road users make mistakes, avoid competing for road space and focus on reaching your destination safely rather than reacting emotionally.

Health problems can affect vision, concentration, reaction time, judgement, coordination and vehicle control, making safe driving more difficult.

Not if the illness makes it difficult to concentrate, react quickly or control the vehicle safely. Drivers should delay the journey or seek medical advice when necessary.

Yes. Some medicines can cause drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision or slower reactions. Always follow the instructions provided with the medicine and advice from a healthcare professional.

Yes. Good vision is essential for recognising traffic signs, road users, hazards and changes in traffic conditions. Many countries set minimum eyesight requirements for drivers.

Yes. Depending on the country and condition, a driver may need a medical assessment, licence restriction or adapted vehicle before being permitted to drive.

This depends on local law. The driver usually has a responsibility to ensure they are fit to drive, while doctors or specialised assessment centres may evaluate driving fitness when required.

Yes. A seizure can cause loss of awareness, consciousness or vehicle control, so epilepsy can affect whether a person is medically fit to drive.

In many countries, yes, provided specific medical and seizure-free requirements are met. The exact conditions depend on the country, licence category and individual medical situation.

Do not assume it is safe to continue driving. Seek medical advice and check the applicable driving-licence rules, because a temporary period without driving may be required.

A seizure-free period helps assess the risk of another seizure occurring while driving. The required period varies depending on the type and cause of the seizure and local regulations.

Yes. Anti-seizure medicines can sometimes cause effects such as drowsiness, dizziness or reduced concentration. Changes in treatment can also affect seizure control, so medical advice should be followed.

Usually, yes. Drivers of trucks, buses and vehicles used for certain professional transport generally face stricter medical fitness requirements because of the greater potential consequences of a seizure while driving.

Night blindness is difficulty seeing in darkness or low-light conditions, even when daytime vision may be relatively good.

It can make pedestrians, cyclists, road edges, signs and obstacles harder to detect, reducing the time available to react safely.

No. Night blindness usually means reduced vision in dim conditions, not a complete loss of sight.

Possible causes include retinal disorders, cataracts, certain inherited eye conditions and some nutritional deficiencies. An eye-care professional can determine the underlying cause.

Glasses may help when poor low-light vision is partly caused by an uncorrected refractive error, but not every cause of night blindness can be corrected with glasses.

If your low-light vision is not sufficient for safe driving, you should avoid driving at night or in other dark conditions and seek medical advice.

Visual impairment can make it harder to recognise signs, detect pedestrians and vehicles, judge distance and speed or see hazards in time.

Important visual functions include visual acuity, field of vision, contrast sensitivity, depth perception and the ability to see in changing light conditions.

Yes, provided your corrected vision meets the applicable legal standards. If your licence requires glasses or contact lenses, they must be used while driving.

In some countries, yes, provided the person meets specific visual-acuity, visual-field and adaptation requirements. The exact rules vary between countries.

Yes. Depending on the impairment, a licence may include conditions such as mandatory glasses, daytime-only driving, geographic restrictions or other limitations.

If your vision changes significantly or may no longer meet the required standards, seek an eye examination and medical advice before continuing to drive.

Fatigue can slow reaction time, reduce concentration and impair judgement, increasing the risk of missing hazards or losing control of the vehicle.

Warning signs include frequent yawning, heavy eyelids, difficulty concentrating, drifting within the lane and forgetting parts of the journey.

A microsleep is a very brief episode of sleep that can last only a few seconds. During that time, the driver may be completely unaware of the road and unable to react.

Stop at a safe place and rest before continuing. If possible, take a short nap or end the journey until you are sufficiently rested.

Caffeine may temporarily improve alertness, but it does not replace adequate sleep. A tired driver should still stop and rest.

Fatigue is more likely after long periods of driving, insufficient sleep, night driving or driving during normal sleeping hours.

A vehicle defect is a fault, damage or excessive wear that affects the condition, operation, safety or legal compliance of a vehicle.

Common defects include worn tyres, faulty lights, damaged brakes, steering problems, cracked windows, suspension faults and damaged electrical components.

No. Some defects are minor, while others can seriously affect braking, steering, visibility or vehicle control. The severity depends on the component and type of fault.

Assess whether the vehicle can still be driven safely and have the defect repaired as soon as possible. Do not continue driving if the defect creates a serious safety risk.

Yes. Dashboard warning lights can indicate faults involving systems such as the engine, brakes, airbags, tyre pressure or electrical system. The vehicle manual explains the meaning of each warning.

Yes. Periodic vehicle inspections are designed to identify technical and safety defects. The consequences depend on the type and severity of the defect and the applicable inspection rules.

A traffic violation occurs when a road user fails to follow an applicable traffic law, regulation, sign, signal or instruction.

Common violations include speeding, failing to stop, ignoring traffic lights, illegal parking, unsafe overtaking, using a phone while driving and failing to wear a seat belt.

No. Traffic offences are often divided into different levels of seriousness, with higher penalties for behaviour that creates a greater risk to road safety.

Depending on the country and offence, penalties can include fines, penalty points, driving bans, licence suspension, vehicle restrictions or court proceedings.

Yes. Traffic laws and penalties vary between countries, even when the underlying behaviour, such as speeding or using a mobile phone, is similar.

Yes. Serious or repeated offences can lead to a temporary or longer driving ban, depending on the applicable law and circumstances.

Alcohol can reduce reaction time, judgement, concentration, coordination and vision, increasing the risk of making mistakes or failing to react to hazards.

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) measures the amount of alcohol in the blood. Legal driving limits are commonly expressed as a blood-alcohol level or as the concentration of alcohol in exhaled breath.

No. Alcohol limits vary between countries, and some countries apply lower or zero limits to novice, young or professional drivers.

Yes. Alcohol can affect driving ability even below the legal limit. A legal limit is not a guarantee that a person is safe to drive.

No. These may change how awake you feel, but they do not quickly remove alcohol from the body. Only time allows the body to eliminate alcohol.

Yes. Alcohol may remain in the body for many hours, so a person can still be over the legal limit or impaired the following morning.