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A motorway is normally identified by a special motorway sign at its entrance. It commonly has separate carriageways, controlled entrances and exits, and no ordinary intersections or direct access to neighbouring properties.

Motorways are primarily intended for motor vehicles capable of travelling safely at motorway speeds. Pedestrians, cyclists, animals and certain slow vehicles are generally prohibited, but the exact access requirements differ between countries.

There is no universal motorway speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, road section, vehicle category and driving conditions. Posted or variable speed-limit signs may replace the general national limit.

Use the entrance or acceleration lane to observe motorway traffic and adjust your speed where possible. Enter only when there is a safe gap and follow the local priority and merging rules.

Move into the correct lane in good time and signal when required. Enter the exit or deceleration lane before reducing your speed, unless traffic, signs or road conditions require you to slow down earlier.

Follow the local keep-left or keep-right rule and any lane-direction signs. Lanes closer to the centre of the motorway are commonly used for overtaking, but lane-use rules differ between countries and vehicle categories.

Voluntary stopping and parking are normally permitted only in designated parking or service areas. Drivers may still have to stop because of congestion, an emergency or another unavoidable situation.

Reversing, making a U-turn and driving against the direction of traffic are generally prohibited. If you miss an exit, continue to the next suitable exit.

Move the vehicle out of the traffic lanes when this can be done safely, activate the hazard warning lights and follow the local breakdown procedures. Leave the vehicle safely, keep away from moving traffic and use a warning triangle or safety vest where required by local law.

A motorway normally has the highest level of access control and is governed by specific motorway rules. An expressway may have similar characteristics but may permit different road users or contain lower-standard junctions. The legal distinction varies between countries.

A residential area commonly contains homes, driveways, parked vehicles and local streets. It may also have special entrance signs, traffic-calming measures or shared road space, but its appearance and legal status differ between countries.

Not necessarily. A built-up area may include residential, commercial and industrial streets. A residential area is primarily associated with housing and local access and may form only one part of a larger built-up area.

No. In many countries, special residential-zone rules apply only where an official entrance sign is displayed. An ordinary neighbourhood may remain subject to the normal rules for the surrounding road or built-up area.

There is no universal residential-area speed limit. Some countries apply a very low limit in signposted residential or shared-space zones, while ordinary residential streets may follow the general built-up-area limit or a posted zone limit.

The rights of pedestrians depend on the country and the type of residential area. In some signposted shared-space zones, pedestrians may use the whole road and drivers must give them special consideration. On ordinary residential streets, the normal pedestrian and crossing rules may apply.

Playing may be expressly permitted in certain legally designated residential or shared-space zones. This is not automatically allowed on every residential street. Drivers should nevertheless remain especially alert for children, who may enter the road unexpectedly.

Residential areas are normally accessible to local motor traffic, cyclists and pedestrians, but additional signs may restrict certain vehicles or through traffic. A residential area is therefore not necessarily a pedestrian-only zone.

Drive at a speed that allows you to stop safely, watch both sides of the road and expect pedestrians, cyclists, children, pets and vehicles emerging from entrances. Leave enough space and avoid unnecessary acceleration, noise or aggressive overtaking.

Overtaking is not universally prohibited, but it may be restricted by local law, signs or road design. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when the limited space or presence of vulnerable road users makes it unsafe.

Follow the local parking signs, markings and general parking rules. Do not block entrances, pavements, crossings, sight lines or the passage of other road users. Special residential zones may permit parking only in designated spaces.

Motor vehicles are normally still permitted in a residential area, although they may be subject to strict speed and parking rules. In a pedestrian zone, vehicle access is generally prohibited or limited to specific users, purposes or times.

A traffic zone is a defined area in which a particular restriction, prohibition or obligation applies throughout the included roads rather than only at one location.

A traffic zone normally begins with a zone-entry sign showing the applicable rule. A corresponding end-of-zone sign indicates where that rule stops applying.

An ordinary sign usually applies to a particular road, direction, lane or section. A zone sign applies throughout a designated area, which may contain several roads and intersections.

Usually, yes. A zonal rule commonly continues through intersections until an end-of-zone sign is reached. The exact effect of intersections depends on local law.

A traffic zone normally ends when you pass the corresponding end-of-zone sign. The normal road rules or another signed regulation then apply.

Yes. A zone may contain several regulations, such as a speed limit together with parking or access restrictions. Drivers must observe every applicable sign.

Yes. A local sign may introduce a different or more restrictive rule on a particular road or section. Whether the original zonal rule resumes afterwards depends on local law and the type of regulation.

Common examples include speed zones, parking zones, low-emission zones, pedestrian zones, cycling zones, school zones and zones restricting particular vehicle categories.

No. A built-up area is a broader legally defined urban area. A traffic zone imposes a specific signed rule and may be located inside or outside a built-up area.

No. A residential area describes an area mainly used for housing. It may contain one or more traffic zones, but the terms do not automatically have the same legal meaning.

Not necessarily. The sign, symbol or additional panel may limit the rule to particular vehicles, road users, times or circumstances.

Observe the entrance sign carefully, identify every displayed rule and remember that the regulation may continue across several roads and intersections until the zone ends.

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed permitted on a road, lane or within a designated area. It does not require drivers to travel at that speed.

A speed limit is commonly displayed as a number on a regulatory traffic sign. General limits may also apply automatically because of the country, road category, vehicle type or surrounding area, even when no speed-limit sign is present.

No. It is the highest speed legally permitted under suitable conditions. Drivers must reduce their speed whenever travelling at the limit would be unsafe.

Yes. Drivers should travel more slowly when required by traffic, weather, visibility, road conditions or nearby vulnerable road users. Driving unnecessarily slowly may nevertheless be prohibited when it obstructs normal traffic.

Not always. Lower limits may apply to heavy vehicles, buses, vehicles towing trailers, novice drivers or other vehicle categories. The lowest applicable limit must be respected.

A default speed limit applies automatically to a particular road type or area when no traffic sign indicates another limit. Examples include general limits for motorways, built-up areas or roads outside built-up areas.

Usually, yes. A legally placed speed-limit sign normally introduces another maximum speed, although lower vehicle-specific or special-road limits may continue to apply.

A speed restriction normally begins at the location of the sign. Drivers should reduce their speed before passing the sign so that they are already travelling within the limit when it takes effect.

A signed limit may end at an intersection, an end-of-limit sign, another speed-limit sign or the beginning or end of a legally defined area. The exact rule differs between countries.

This depends on local law. An ordinary speed restriction may end at an intersection in some countries, while a zonal speed limit normally continues across intersections until an end-of-zone sign.

A speed zone is an area in which the displayed maximum speed applies throughout all included roads. The limit normally remains in force until the corresponding end-of-zone sign.

A variable speed limit is displayed on an electronic or changeable sign and may be adjusted according to congestion, weather, incidents or roadworks. When activated, it has the same legal importance as another applicable regulatory speed sign.

Yes. Signs positioned above individual lanes may impose different limits on those lanes. Drivers must observe the limit applying to the lane they use.

Yes. Temporary limits may be introduced near roadworks, collisions, hazards or special events. Drivers must follow the temporary traffic signs and instructions that are legally in force.

No. Overtaking does not normally permit a driver to exceed the applicable maximum speed. The manoeuvre must be completed safely while respecting the speed limit.

Some countries impose specific lower limits in rain, snow or other conditions. Even where the numerical limit does not change, drivers must reduce their speed sufficiently for the conditions.

A bike path may be identified by a bicycle traffic sign, bicycle symbols, coloured surfacing or road markings. It may run beside the carriageway or follow a completely separate route.

Not always. A bike lane is normally marked directly on or beside the carriageway, while a bike path may be physically separated from motor traffic. The terminology and legal distinction vary between countries.

This depends on local law and the signs displayed. Some bike paths are mandatory, while others are optional. Cyclists may also be permitted to leave a path to turn, overtake or avoid an obstruction.

Yes. Some bike paths are two-way, but others may be used only in the direction indicated by signs, markings or their position beside the road. Cyclists should not assume that every path permits travel in both directions.

Pedestrians may use a bike path where it is designated as a shared-use path or where local law permits it. On a cycle-only path, pedestrians may be prohibited or permitted only when no suitable pedestrian facility is available.

This depends on the country, vehicle category, road speed and traffic signs. Some bike paths permit or require certain mopeds or speed pedelecs, while others are reserved exclusively for ordinary bicycles.

Normally not. Motor vehicles may cross a bike path to enter another road or property where this is permitted, but they must follow the applicable priority rules and must not endanger path users.

Priority depends on the road layout, signs, signals and local law. Drivers crossing a continuous bike path commonly have to give way to its users, but cyclists approaching a separate cycle crossing may not automatically have priority before entering it.

No. A marked cycle crossing does not universally give an approaching cyclist priority. Cyclists should enter cautiously and observe approaching traffic unless signs, signals or local rules clearly give them priority.

Some countries or local authorities impose specific limits, particularly on shared paths. Even without a posted limit, cyclists must travel at a safe and considerate speed for the width, visibility and number of other users.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on a bike path can force cyclists into motor traffic and may be expressly prohibited by law.

Reduce speed, give a clear warning where appropriate and leave sufficient space. Pedestrians may change direction unexpectedly, especially on a shared path.

Slow down and check surrounding traffic before leaving the path. Avoid the obstruction safely and return to the bike path when permitted and practical.

This depends on local law and the available width. Even where riding side by side is permitted, cyclists must not block, endanger or unnecessarily hinder other path users.

A bike path is intended primarily or exclusively for cycling. A shared-use path is legally intended for cyclists together with pedestrians or other indicated road users, who must use the space considerately.

A pedestrian warning alerts drivers that pedestrians may be crossing or entering the road ahead.

They are commonly placed near pedestrian crossings or other locations with significant pedestrian activity.

Reduce speed when necessary, watch both sides of the road and be prepared to give way or stop for pedestrians according to the applicable traffic rules.

A road tunnel is a covered passage that carries a road through or beneath an obstacle.

Follow the local lighting rules and traffic signs. Many countries require dipped headlights in tunnels even during daylight, while general visibility rules may also require vehicle lights.

Yes. Additional distance gives more time to react to sudden congestion, a breakdown or another hazard where escape space may be limited.

Voluntary stopping and parking are generally prohibited or strongly restricted in road tunnels. Drivers should stop only where permitted or when traffic, an emergency or another unavoidable situation requires it.

Normally this should not be done unless specifically authorised or directed by emergency or traffic-control personnel. Motorway tunnels are additionally subject to the normal motorway prohibitions on reversing and U-turns.

Keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, follow traffic signals and instructions and avoid blocking emergency access. Switch on hazard warning lights where appropriate to warn following traffic.

Move into an emergency bay or other safe position if possible, switch on the hazard warning lights and follow the tunnel's emergency procedures. Use an emergency telephone or contact the emergency services where necessary.

Follow the emergency signs and instructions immediately. If evacuation is necessary, leave the vehicle and use the indicated emergency exit rather than remaining in a dangerous traffic or smoke-filled area.

Emergency exits provide a route away from the traffic tunnel during incidents such as a fire. Signs may indicate the nearest exit and the direction or distance to it.

Where necessary, removing dark sunglasses before entering can help your eyes adapt more quickly to the lower light level inside the tunnel.

Yes. Tunnels may have permanent or variable speed restrictions. Drivers must follow the speed limit currently indicated.

Yes. Certain tunnels may restrict vehicles carrying dangerous goods because an incident in an enclosed space can create additional risks. Follow all applicable tunnel-category and dangerous-goods signs.

A toll road is a road or section of road for which a charge must be paid to use it. Tolls may also apply to particular bridges, tunnels or other road infrastructure.

Depending on the country, tolls may be paid at a toll booth, through an electronic toll system, vignette or distance-based charging system.

Not necessarily. Toll rates can vary according to vehicle type, size, weight, emissions, distance travelled or the particular road being used.

A quay is a constructed waterside platform or road area beside a river, canal, harbour or other navigable water. It may be used by ships, vehicles, workers, pedestrians and loading equipment.

It warns that the road approaches or leads onto a quay, riverbank or waterside edge where a vehicle could enter the water.

It may. The road may lead directly towards the water, turn sharply near it or continue alongside an insufficiently protected edge. Drivers must observe the actual road layout.

Reduce speed early, remain in full control and watch for the road edge, barriers, bends, workers, pedestrians and moving equipment. Avoid sudden steering or braking close to the water.

No. Drivers must follow the posted or general speed limit and reduce their speed further when the road is narrow, wet, poorly lit or close to an unprotected edge.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than prohibiting access. Additional signs, gates or local rules may restrict particular vehicles or activities.

No. Drivers must continue to follow traffic lights, priority signs and the normal priority rules.

This depends on local signs and regulations. Do not stop or park where the vehicle could create danger, obstruct traffic, interfere with loading operations or block emergency access.

Only in a clearly authorised and suitable place. Leave sufficient space from the edge, apply the parking brake securely and follow any wheel-positioning or local parking instructions.

Overtaking may be legal, but it should be avoided when the road is narrow, visibility is limited or the manoeuvre would bring the vehicle close to the waterside edge.

Water, algae, mud, ice, fuel, oil or material from loading operations may reduce grip. Painted markings, rails and metal surfaces may also become especially slippery when wet.

Drivers may encounter pedestrians, cyclists, dock workers, cranes, forklifts, railway tracks, mooring equipment, reversing trucks and unsecured edges.

Large vehicles need more space to turn and may have limited visibility close to the cab or trailer. Soft edges, narrow roads and nearby equipment can make manoeuvring more difficult.

Pedestrian access depends on local rules. Where pedestrians are permitted, drivers should expect them to move between vehicles, vessels, buildings and loading areas.

Reverse only when necessary and when the route is clearly visible. Use a guide where available and never rely solely on mirrors or cameras when the vehicle could approach the water.

Reduce speed, use the required lights and look carefully for reflectors, barriers, road edges and people. Water and dark surroundings can make the boundary of the road difficult to recognise.

Do not assume that the route is safe. Slow down, identify the road boundary and follow signs or instructions from authorised personnel.

Leave the vehicle as quickly and safely as possible, help passengers where possible and contact the emergency services. Do not re-enter the water or vehicle to recover belongings.

A road slope is a section of road that rises or descends over a particular distance. It may also be called a gradient, incline or decline.

A steep slope may be indicated by a warning sign showing an ascending or descending road. The sign may also display the gradient as a percentage.

A gradient of 10% means that the road rises or falls approximately 10 metres for every 100 metres travelled horizontally. It does not mean that the road is inclined at 10 degrees.

An ascent rises in the direction of travel, while a descent falls in the direction of travel. The same section of road is therefore an ascent in one direction and a descent in the other.

Not normally. It warns of a hazard rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must still respect the applicable speed limit and reduce their speed further when necessary.

Reduce speed before the descent, select a suitable gear and maintain a safe following distance. Avoid allowing the vehicle to gain excessive speed.

Use a gear that provides sufficient engine braking and helps keep the vehicle at a controlled speed. The appropriate gear depends on the vehicle, gradient and road conditions.

No. Coasting reduces engine braking and may make it harder to control the vehicle’s speed. Keep the transmission engaged while descending.

Continuous braking on a long descent can cause the brakes to become excessively hot and lose effectiveness. Select a suitable gear, control speed early and use the brakes progressively when needed.

Brake fade is a reduction in braking performance caused by excessive heat. It can occur when the brakes are used continuously during a long or steep descent.

Select a suitable gear before the engine begins to struggle and maintain a steady speed where possible. Be prepared for heavy or low-powered vehicles travelling slowly ahead.

Yes. Heavy vehicles, vehicles towing trailers and low-powered vehicles may slow considerably. Other drivers should maintain a safe distance and avoid impatient manoeuvres.

Do not overtake when the crest prevents you from seeing far enough ahead. Overtaking near a hilltop may also be expressly prohibited by local law, signs or road markings.

The road surface itself may hide approaching traffic, stopped vehicles, pedestrians or other hazards beyond the crest.

Some countries give priority to uphill traffic, while others rely on signs or ordinary obstruction rules. Drivers must follow local law and cooperate when passing is difficult.

Reduce speed and use a passing place where available. The driver who can reverse or move aside more safely should cooperate, subject to any applicable priority signs or local rules.

They reduce traction and make acceleration, braking and steering more difficult. Increase the following distance, use smooth controls and reduce speed before entering the slope.

Cyclists may travel slowly and move less steadily when climbing, while they may reach high speeds when descending. Drivers should leave sufficient space and avoid overtaking without a clear view.

Use the parking brake, select the appropriate gear or parking position and follow local rules concerning wheel position. Make sure the vehicle cannot roll into traffic.

Yes. A trailer increases the load on the engine and brakes and may affect stability. Drivers should use a suitable gear, maintain additional distance and avoid excessive speed.

A dead-end road is a road that provides no through route for some or all vehicles. Traffic entering it normally has to return by the same route.

A dead end may be indicated by a blue rectangular sign showing a road blocked at one end. The exact colour, design and symbol vary between countries.

Normally not. It generally provides information rather than prohibiting access. Drivers may enter to reach a destination unless another sign restricts entry.

No. A dead-end sign warns that the road does not continue as a through route. A no-entry sign prohibits drivers from entering in the indicated direction.

No. It may end at a wall, gate, turning area or private property, or it may continue as a narrower path that motor vehicles cannot use.

Sometimes. A separate symbol, sign or visible path may indicate that pedestrians can continue beyond the point where motor traffic ends.

Sometimes. A sign may indicate a through route for cyclists, but cyclists must still follow any access, direction and path-use rules that apply.

No. The normal road, zonal or posted speed limit remains applicable. Drivers should nevertheless reduce speed when space, visibility or nearby pedestrians require it.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules continue to apply.

Not solely because the road is a dead end. Priority depends on the signs, road surface, road category and local priority rules.

A driver may turn around where the manoeuvre is legal, safe and does not obstruct other road users. Local signs or road markings may prohibit it.

Reverse only when necessary and when the route is clear. Give way to all other road users and avoid reversing for a long distance where a safer turning place is available.

A driver performing a turning or reversing manoeuvre must normally give way to other road users.

The dead-end sign itself does not normally prohibit parking. Drivers must follow the ordinary parking rules and must not block entrances, pedestrian routes, emergency access or turning areas.

Only where parking is permitted and sufficient room remains for other vehicles to turn. Blocking the turning area can force vehicles to reverse for an unsafe distance.

Trucks, buses and vehicles towing trailers may not have enough space to turn around. Drivers should check the route and any length, width, weight or access restrictions before entering.

Yes. Emergency and service vehicles may need access to properties within it. Other vehicles should not block the road or its turning space.

Continue cautiously to a suitable turning place. Turn around or reverse only after checking carefully for pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles and other obstacles.

No. Temporary closures, private access, gates, roadworks or outdated navigation information may still prevent passage. Drivers must observe the actual road and signs.

A stop sign requires a driver to come to a complete stop and give way before proceeding.

A stop sign is commonly a red octagonal sign displaying the word STOP. Some countries use another legally recognised design, so drivers must learn the signs used locally.

Yes. The obligation to stop applies even when the road appears completely clear.

A complete stop means that the vehicle has ceased moving entirely. Merely slowing down or allowing the vehicle to continue rolling does not satisfy the requirement.

Stop before the stop line where one is provided. Without a line, stop at the legally prescribed position before entering the intersection, crossing or priority road.

No. The required first stop must be made before the line. If visibility is limited, move forward cautiously after stopping and stop again where necessary before proceeding.

Yes. Each driver must make an individual complete stop. Following another vehicle through without stopping is not permitted.

No. After stopping, you must continue to give way to all road users who have priority.

Give way to traffic on the road being entered or crossed and to pedestrians, cyclists or other road users who have priority under the applicable rules.

A stop sign always requires a complete stop. A give-way sign requires the driver to yield but normally allows continued movement when the road is clearly free.

Yes. After stopping and giving way, you may turn in any direction permitted by signs, signals, lane arrows and road markings.

This depends entirely on local law and traffic signs. A stop sign does not by itself permit a turn against a red light.

No. It imposes a stopping and yielding obligation. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable before and after the intersection.

In many countries, cyclists are drivers and must stop unless a specific sign or local rule provides an exception.

The order in which drivers may proceed depends on local rules, commonly involving arrival order, vehicle position and turning direction. Drivers should communicate cautiously and never assume another driver will yield.

Apply the local priority rule and proceed only when the intentions of the other driver are clear. Avoid forcing the other vehicle to brake or change direction.

Where functioning traffic lights control the same movement, they commonly take precedence over the stop sign. Local rules determine what applies when the lights are switched off or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary priority rules.

Yes. A correctly placed temporary stop sign at roadworks, an event or another temporary traffic arrangement must be obeyed.

If you recognise that a stop sign applies, reduce speed and obey it. Report damaged, obscured or missing signs to the responsible road authority where appropriate.

A give-way sign requires drivers to allow traffic with priority to proceed first. The driver must slow down and stop when necessary.

It is commonly an inverted triangular sign with a red border and a light-coloured centre. In some countries, it is called a yield sign.

No. You must stop only when necessary to give way or obtain a sufficiently clear view. You may continue slowly when the road is clearly free.

Giving way means allowing another road user to continue without being forced to brake, accelerate, stop or change direction because of your movement.

Stop before the give-way line where one is provided. Without a line, stop before entering the intersection or priority road at a position where you can observe traffic safely.

You may move beyond the line only when this does not interfere with traffic that has priority. Where visibility is limited, first slow or stop at the line and then move forward cautiously.

A stop sign always requires a complete stop. A give-way sign permits the driver to continue without stopping when the road is clearly free and it is safe to proceed.

Only when slowing down is sufficient to let all priority traffic proceed safely. If another road user would be hindered, the driver must slow further or stop.

Give way to traffic travelling on the road being entered or crossed and to any pedestrians, cyclists or other road users who have priority under the applicable rules.

No. Check every direction from which lawful traffic may approach, including cycle paths, one-way roads with authorised contraflow traffic and separate carriageways.

The sign determines priority at the particular location. The priority arrangement at later intersections may be different unless the road is separately identified as a priority road.

No. You may proceed only when it is safe. Another driver’s hesitation or courtesy does not remove your responsibility to avoid danger.

Yes. Each driver must observe the road and make an individual decision. You may not follow another vehicle through without checking that the way remains clear.

Normally, yes. Cyclists are generally treated as drivers and must obey the sign unless a supplementary sign or local rule provides otherwise.

Yes. Some countries use supplementary signs or path-specific signs to require cyclists to give way while other traffic follows a different priority arrangement.

No. It regulates priority rather than speed. Drivers must still approach slowly enough to observe traffic and stop when necessary.

No. Drivers must still obey traffic lights, lane arrows, mandatory-direction signs and turning prohibitions.

Many roundabout entrances have give-way signs requiring entering traffic to yield to vehicles already circulating. Drivers must follow the actual signs because roundabout priority rules differ between countries.

Functioning traffic lights commonly take precedence over priority signs controlling the same movement. The give-way sign may apply again when the lights are switched off or flashing, depending on local law.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary priority rules.

Reduce speed substantially and stop when necessary. Move forward cautiously only after giving way and checking that the road can be entered without danger.

A roundabout is a circular road arrangement where traffic travels in one direction around a central island before leaving through the chosen exit.

A roundabout is normally identified by a circular-direction sign, a central island and entry roads controlled by signs, markings or local priority rules.

The direction depends on the country’s driving side. Traffic normally travels anticlockwise in right-hand-traffic countries and clockwise in left-hand-traffic countries.

Priority differs between countries and roundabout designs. Entering traffic commonly gives way to traffic already circulating, but drivers must always follow the actual priority signs and signals.

Not always. Stop when required by a stop sign, traffic light or approaching priority traffic. Otherwise, reduce speed and enter only when there is a safe gap.

No. The sign arrangement depends on local law. Some circular intersections use ordinary priority rules or traffic lights instead.

Reduce speed, observe the signs and markings, choose the appropriate lane and check for pedestrians, cyclists and circulating traffic.

Follow the lane arrows and destination signs. As a general guide, use the lane appropriate for your exit, but exact lane-selection rules differ between countries and roundabout layouts.

Yes, where the road layout and local rules permit it. Before leaving, change lanes safely and give way to road users already travelling in the lane you wish to enter.

This depends on local law. Some countries require a signal for particular exits, while others require no signal when entering.

Usually, yes. Signal in the direction of the exit early enough to inform other road users, but not so early that your intention becomes misleading.

No. A direction indicator communicates your intention but does not permit you to force another road user to brake or change direction.

Only when the lane markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Check mirrors and blind spots, signal where required and give way to traffic already in the target lane.

Continue around the roundabout and approach the exit again. Do not stop, reverse or cut suddenly across another lane.

Normally not. Some small roundabouts have a mountable central section intended only for vehicles that cannot otherwise negotiate the road safely.

Priority depends on whether cyclists use the carriageway, a continuing bike path or a separate cycle crossing. Drivers and cyclists must follow the signs, markings and local priority rules.

Check mirrors and blind spots for cyclists, mopeds, motorcycles and vehicles beside you. Also check for pedestrians crossing the exit road.

Pedestrian priority depends on crossings and local law. Drivers should approach exits slowly and be prepared to yield to pedestrians crossing or about to cross.

Not universally. The posted or general road limit applies, but drivers must travel slowly enough to negotiate the roundabout safely.

Passing another vehicle may be permitted on a multilane roundabout, but drivers must remain within their lane and avoid unsafe lane changes. Local overtaking restrictions may apply.

Follow local signs and parking rules. Stopping or parking on the circulating roadway is commonly prohibited or unsafe because it obstructs traffic and reduces visibility.

No. A circular junction may be governed by traffic lights, ordinary priority rules or another road design. Its legal status depends on its signs and local definition.

A road narrowing is a section where the usable width of the road becomes smaller. Traffic may have less space to pass, merge or travel beside other road users.

It may be indicated by a triangular warning sign showing the road edges moving closer together. The symbol may show narrowing on both sides, the left side or the right side.

A road may narrow because of a bridge, tunnel, barrier, traffic-calming measure, roadworks, parked vehicles, landslide, damaged road edge or reduction in the number of lanes.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical speed limit. Drivers must still reduce speed when necessary to pass safely.

Not by itself. Priority may be established by separate signs, signals or local rules. Without them, drivers should approach cautiously and cooperate.

In many countries, the driver whose side is obstructed must give way to approaching traffic. The precise rule depends on local law and any priority signs displayed.

Neither direction necessarily has automatic priority. Drivers should reduce speed, assess who can pass safely and avoid entering when doing so would block approaching traffic.

One sign may require you to give way to oncoming traffic, while the corresponding sign may indicate that you have priority. Drivers must still avoid entering when the passage is already occupied or blocked.

No. Priority is not an obligation to proceed. Slow down or stop when another vehicle is already in the narrow section or when continuing would create danger.

Allow it enough room to leave the narrow section. Do not enter if the available width is insufficient for both vehicles to pass safely.

Check mirrors, reduce speed smoothly and observe oncoming traffic, cyclists, pedestrians and vehicles beside you. Be prepared to stop or merge.

Use an indicator when you must change lanes or move laterally. Merely following a lane that bends with the road may not require a signal under local law.

Check the adjacent lane, signal and merge safely according to the local merging rules. Do not force another driver to brake or leave the road.

Zipper merging means that vehicles from an ending or blocked lane merge alternately with vehicles in the continuing lane, usually immediately before the narrowing during congestion.

Where zipper merging applies, continue using both lanes and merge alternately near the narrowing. In free-flowing traffic, change lanes safely when a suitable gap is available.

A narrowing sign does not always prohibit overtaking, but overtaking should be avoided when there is insufficient width, visibility or distance to complete the manoeuvre safely.

Wait behind the cyclist when the required passing distance cannot be maintained. Do not squeeze past or force the cyclist towards a kerb, barrier or damaged road edge.

Large vehicles may need additional width and may cross lane or centre markings where legally permitted. Other drivers should leave sufficient space and avoid passing alongside them in the narrowing.

Yes. Pavements or verges may also become narrow or blocked. Drivers should expect pedestrians or wheelchair users to enter the carriageway to pass an obstruction.

Only where it is permitted and enough width remains for traffic to pass safely. Never stop or park where the vehicle would create danger, obstruct visibility or prevent other vehicles from passing.

Follow temporary signs, signals, barriers and instructions from authorised workers. Temporary traffic controls may replace the normal priority or lane arrangement.

Reduce speed further, increase the following distance and be prepared for a stopped vehicle beyond the narrowing. Use the required lights without dazzling approaching road users.

A pedestrian crossing is a designated place for pedestrians to cross a road. It may be controlled by traffic lights or operate without signals.

It may be indicated by white road markings, traffic signs, flashing lights, pedestrian signals or a raised crossing. Its appearance varies between countries.

A zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing marked by broad contrasting stripes or rectangles. Not every pedestrian crossing uses this design.

Not universally. Priority depends on local law, traffic signals and whether the pedestrian is already crossing or clearly preparing to cross.

This depends on local law. In many countries, drivers must give way when a pedestrian is clearly intending or preparing to enter the crossing.

Reduce speed, observe both sides of the road and be prepared to stop. Pay particular attention to children, older people and persons with limited mobility.

No. Do not enter when traffic ahead may force you to stop on the crossing and block pedestrians.

Stop before the crossing or before the applicable stop line. Leave the crossing completely clear.

Overtaking may be prohibited, particularly when another vehicle has stopped or slowed for the crossing. Even where no specific prohibition applies, overtaking is unsafe when pedestrians may be hidden from view.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on or immediately before a crossing can obstruct pedestrians and hide them from approaching drivers.

Not by itself. Drivers must respect the applicable speed limit and reduce their speed further when necessary to stop safely.

Yes. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the signals applying to them. Drivers must still allow pedestrians who lawfully started crossing to finish safely.

No. Pedestrians must wait when the pedestrian signal prohibits them from entering the road.

A pedestrian who entered lawfully should continue at a normal pace. Drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a person riding a bicycle is treated as a driver and does not receive pedestrian priority. A cyclist walking beside the bicycle is normally treated as a pedestrian.

Not automatically. A separate cycle crossing, cycle path or combined crossing may be indicated by additional markings or signs.

Some countries require pedestrians to use a crossing when one is located within a specified distance. Other countries allow crossing elsewhere when it can be done safely.

No. Pedestrians should cross without unnecessary delay and should not obstruct traffic by stopping or lingering on the road.

The raised surface itself does not necessarily determine priority. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the crossing markings, signs, signals and local rules.

Check for pedestrians approaching from both sides and give way where required. Turning drivers should not focus only on motor traffic.

Observe approaching traffic, make sure drivers have sufficient time to react and cross carefully. Priority does not remove the need to avoid stepping into the path of a vehicle that cannot stop safely.

A railway crossing is a place where a road or path crosses railway tracks at the same level.

It may also be called a level crossing or, particularly in North America, a railroad crossing.

It may be indicated by warning signs, crossbuck signs, barriers, flashing lights, bells or road markings. The design differs between countries.

A protected crossing uses full or partial barriers to block road traffic when a train approaches. A crossing without barriers relies on signs, lights, bells or the road user’s own observation.

Not necessarily. You must stop when required by lights, barriers, signs, an approaching train or an authorised person. At an unprotected crossing, slow down and proceed only after checking that no train is approaching.

Flashing red lights mean stop and do not enter the crossing. Remain stopped until the signal permits you to continue.

No. Do not enter while a barrier is lowering, rising or closed. Wait until the crossing is fully open and all prohibiting signals have stopped.

No. Never drive, cycle or walk around or underneath a closed or moving barrier.

A warning bell or audible signal normally means that the crossing is closing or that a train is approaching. Do not enter the crossing while it is sounding.

In some countries, a flashing white light indicates that the crossing equipment is operating and road users may pass when the route is clear. Its exact meaning depends on local law.

Reduce speed, look and listen carefully in both directions and cross only after making sure that no train or other rail vehicle is approaching.

Not automatically. Another train may approach on a second track. Wait until all warning signals stop and the crossing is fully open.

Do not enter the crossing unless there is enough room beyond the tracks for your entire vehicle. Never rely on traffic moving before a train arrives.

No. Railway tracks must always remain clear. Do not stop because of congestion, traffic lights or another obstruction beyond the crossing.

Overtaking is often prohibited or restricted because another vehicle can obstruct the view of an approaching train or warning signal. Follow local signs and overtaking rules.

No. Stopping or parking on the tracks creates an immediate and potentially fatal danger.

Yes. Pedestrians and cyclists must obey barriers, lights, bells and authorised personnel in the same way as other road users.

Where possible, cross the rails at an angle close to 90 degrees. Rails can trap a bicycle wheel, especially when they are wet or cross the road diagonally.

Make sure the entire vehicle and any trailer can clear the crossing without stopping. Consider the available space, road gradient, turning room and traffic beyond the tracks.

Observe all height restrictions and warning signs. Electrified railway lines may have overhead equipment that can be struck by an excessively high vehicle or load.

Treat the crossing with extreme caution. Do not assume that no train is approaching merely because the lights or barriers are not operating.

Evacuate everyone immediately, move well away from the railway and contact the emergency services or railway operator. Do not remain in the vehicle or return for belongings.

Not always. A railway crossing normally crosses tracks that are separate from the carriageway, while tram or street-running railway tracks may form part of the road itself.

A school area is a road or group of roads near a school where drivers should expect large numbers of children, pedestrians, cyclists and stopping vehicles.

It may be identified by school warning signs, speed-zone signs, flashing lights, road markings, coloured surfacing or traffic-calming measures. The signs differ between countries.

No. Special school-area rules normally apply only where signs, signals or local legislation establish them.

There is no universal school-area speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, region, signs and whether a variable restriction is active.

Some limits apply permanently, while others apply only during displayed times or when flashing or variable signs are active. Drivers must observe the actual sign arrangement.

Yes, when necessary. The displayed speed is a maximum. Children, congestion, poor visibility or vehicles stopping near the school may require a much lower speed.

Children may have difficulty judging speed and distance, may be hidden by parked vehicles and may enter the road unexpectedly.

Reduce speed early, increase your observation and be prepared for children crossing, cyclists changing direction, vehicle doors opening and cars stopping suddenly.

No. Priority depends on crossings, traffic lights, authorised crossing supervisors and local rules. Drivers must nevertheless take exceptional care to avoid endangering children.

Yes. Drivers and other road users must follow lawful instructions given by an authorised person controlling traffic for children.

This depends on local pedestrian rules. Drivers should remain prepared for children to cross unexpectedly, even where they are required to use a nearby crossing.

Not by itself. A school warning sign alerts drivers to children but does not normally create the legal effect of a pedestrian crossing.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules remain applicable unless another traffic arrangement provides otherwise.

Overtaking may be restricted by signs or local law. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when children, crossings, limited visibility or stopped vehicles make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Only where stopping is permitted and can be completed safely. Do not stop on a crossing, pavement, bike path, bus stop or another prohibited or dangerous location.

Follow the parking signs and markings. Do not block entrances, pavements, bike paths, crossings, visibility or access for buses and emergency vehicles.

It blocks traffic and visibility and may force children to walk between moving vehicles or enter the road from behind an obstruction.

Expect children to enter or leave the vehicle and possibly cross the road. Reduce speed and follow any special warning lights, signs or local school-bus rules.

Normally, yes. They must follow the applicable road, bike-path, speed and priority rules. Drivers should expect inexperienced young cyclists.

No. A school area normally remains open to traffic under special caution or speed rules. A school street temporarily restricts or excludes motor traffic during specified periods.

Not universally. A school area may form part of a Zone 30, use another speed limit or have a variable restriction that applies only at particular times.

They normally end at an end sign, at the end of the stated time period or when the variable signal is no longer active. The surrounding road rules then apply.

In right-hand traffic countries, overtaking normally takes place on the left. In left-hand traffic countries, it normally takes place on the right. National rules can provide exceptions in particular situations.

Make sure there is sufficient visibility and space, check mirrors and blind spots, ensure that nobody behind has already started overtaking and confirm that you can safely return to your normal position after passing.

Do not overtake where signs or road markings prohibit it or where visibility, approaching traffic, intersections, crossings, bends, hills or other conditions make the manoeuvre unsafe.

It warns that animals may enter or cross the road in the area ahead.

Depending on the symbol and local conditions, it may refer to deer, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wild boar or other animals.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign displaying the silhouette of an animal. The species shown may indicate the type of animal most likely to be encountered.

No. It indicates an increased likelihood of animals crossing, not that animals will be present every time.

No. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable, but drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No automatic priority is created by the warning sign. Drivers must nevertheless avoid danger and allow animals already on the road to pass safely.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and scan the road, verges, fields and vegetation for movement or reflected eyes.

Animal activity is often greater around dawn, dusk and darkness, although animals may cross at any time.

Many animals travel in groups. When one animal crosses, others may follow immediately from the same direction.

Avoid unnecessary horn use or engine revving because it may frighten an animal and make its movement less predictable. Use a warning only when reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Use the appropriate lights without dazzling other road users. When an animal is visible, reduce speed and avoid relying on full beam to make it move away.

Slow down smoothly, stop when necessary and allow it enough time and space to leave. Avoid sudden acceleration or aggressive steering.

Avoid an uncontrolled swerve that could cause a collision with another vehicle, tree, barrier, cyclist or pedestrian. Brake firmly while maintaining control and steer only when a safe escape path is clearly available.

Pass only when the animals and their handlers have sufficient space. Drive slowly, avoid noise and be prepared for an animal to change direction unexpectedly.

Reduce speed, leave a large lateral distance and pass quietly. Avoid sounding the horn, accelerating sharply or passing when oncoming traffic prevents sufficient clearance.

Follow lawful instructions from an authorised person and cooperate with handlers controlling animals on or across the road.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but overtaking should be avoided when animals, limited visibility or approaching traffic make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Maintain enough following distance to see beyond the vehicle ahead. Be prepared for it to brake suddenly when an animal enters the road.

Reduce speed, keep both hands firmly in control and avoid sudden movements. Animals may react unexpectedly to quiet or fast-approaching two-wheeled vehicles.

Stop safely, activate the hazard warning lights and check for injured people. Contact the emergency services or police when necessary and do not approach a wounded wild animal, which may defend itself.

Normally not. Keep a safe distance and allow the police, wildlife authorities or an animal-rescue service to handle it.

Yes. Drivers remain responsible for observing the road and adjusting their speed even where no animal warning sign is displayed.

It warns that rocks or stones may fall onto the road or may already be lying on the carriageway.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign showing rocks falling from a steep slope. The exact colour and design vary between countries.

No. It indicates an increased risk. The road may be clear, contain stones from an earlier fall or become dangerous without additional warning.

Not necessarily. It may also warn about loose or fallen stones already present on the road.

Rockfalls may be caused by erosion, heavy rain, frost and thawing, storms, ground movement, vegetation loss, roadworks or natural instability.

The risk may increase during or after heavy rain, freezing weather, rapid thawing, strong winds, earthquakes or work on a nearby slope.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Reduce speed smoothly, increase your following distance and watch the road surface, slope, barriers and vehicles ahead for signs of falling or fallen material.

No. Leave additional distance so you can see stones on the road and react if the vehicle ahead brakes or changes direction suddenly.

Avoid unnecessary stopping in the exposed section. Stop only when required by traffic, an obstruction or an emergency, and choose the safest available location.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but drivers should avoid overtaking when visibility, road width, loose stones or the risk of falling material makes it unsafe.

Avoid doing so. Even where parking is not expressly prohibited, remaining beneath an unstable cliff or slope may expose the vehicle and its occupants to unnecessary danger.

Reduce speed without harsh steering or braking. Pass only when there is enough clear space and visibility; otherwise, stop at a safe distance and report the obstruction.

Avoid a sudden uncontrolled swerve. Brake while maintaining control and steer around the obstruction only when the adjacent space is clearly safe.

Stop at a safe distance, activate the hazard warning lights when appropriate and contact the police, road authority or emergency services. Do not attempt to drive over unstable debris.

Do not enter the affected section. Stop well before the danger where possible and move away only when this can be done safely without reversing blindly or entering another hazard.

Do not stand near the unstable slope or falling material. Leave the vehicle only when remaining inside creates a greater immediate danger and a protected escape route is available.

Normally not. A stone may be too heavy, unstable or followed by additional falling material. Keep a safe distance and allow trained services to clear the road.

Even small stones can cause a rider to lose balance or damage a tyre. Riders should reduce speed, avoid sudden steering and keep a greater distance from other traffic.

No. Nets, barriers and retaining structures reduce the risk but cannot guarantee that every stone will be contained.

It may indicate how far ahead the danger begins. Another panel may indicate the length of the hazardous road section.

Keep control of the vehicle, stop at a safe location and activate the hazard warning lights. Check the tyres, wheels and underside only when it is safe and report any dangerous debris.

No. Drivers must remain attentive wherever roads run beside cliffs, cuttings or steep slopes, even when no warning sign is displayed.

A road curve is a section where the road changes direction to the left or right.

It may be indicated by a triangular warning sign showing a curved line. The symbol normally indicates whether the first curve turns left or right.

A double curve consists of two curves in opposite directions. The warning sign normally shows the direction of the first curve.

Yes. A double-curve symbol may also warn of a longer sequence of successive curves. A supplementary panel may indicate the length of the winding section.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must still reduce speed when the permitted maximum would be unsafe.

Reduce speed before entering the curve, while the vehicle is travelling straight and has maximum stability.

No. Harsh braking in a curve can reduce stability and grip. Complete most braking beforehand and use smooth adjustments where necessary.

Maintain a controlled speed through the curve. Accelerate smoothly only when the exit becomes visible and the vehicle is stable.

Look towards the path you intend to follow and the visible exit of the curve. Continue checking the road surface, lane position and nearby traffic.

Yes. Do not cross the centre line or cut across another lane, even when this would make the curve appear easier to negotiate.

Buildings, vegetation, slopes, barriers and the road alignment may hide oncoming traffic, cyclists, pedestrians, stopped vehicles or debris.

Choose a speed that allows you to remain in your lane and stop within the distance you can see to be clear. The safe speed may be far below the legal maximum.

An advisory speed is a recommended safe speed for negotiating the curve under suitable conditions. It is not necessarily the legal maximum speed.

They reduce tyre grip and increase the risk of skidding. Reduce speed earlier, use smooth controls and leave additional distance from other vehicles.

Avoid sudden braking or steering. Reduce speed smoothly and follow a clear path without entering another traffic lane.

Do not overtake when visibility is insufficient to see approaching traffic and complete the manoeuvre safely. Local law, signs and continuous road markings may also prohibit overtaking.

Only where it is permitted and the vehicle remains clearly visible. Stopping or parking in a poorly visible curve may create a serious hazard and is often prohibited.

No. Leave enough distance to react if the vehicle ahead brakes for a hidden obstruction or a sharper part of the curve.

Motorcycles require grip for both cornering and braking. Riders should reduce speed before the curve, choose a stable line and avoid painted markings, gravel and slippery surfaces.

A trailer may sway, track closer to the inside of the curve or become unstable when speed and steering inputs are excessive. Enter slowly and steer smoothly.

Buses and trucks may move closer to lane boundaries because of their length and width. Other drivers should avoid travelling beside them through a tight curve.

Reduce speed, move safely towards your side of the road and avoid a sudden manoeuvre that could cause another collision. Sound a warning only when reasonably necessary.

No. Drivers must assess every curve and adapt their speed even when no warning sign is displayed.

Roadworks are construction, maintenance, repair or inspection activities carried out on or beside a road.

They may be indicated by a roadworks warning sign, cones, barriers, temporary markings, flashing lights, machinery or workers.

No, not by itself. A separate temporary or permanent speed-limit sign establishes the legal maximum speed.

Yes, when necessary. Narrow lanes, workers, machinery, poor surfaces, congestion or limited visibility may require a substantially lower speed.

Yes. Correctly installed temporary signs must be obeyed for as long as they are in force.

Follow the temporary markings that guide traffic through the works. Local law determines how they take priority over older permanent markings.

Yes. Stop at the line or signal when required and do not proceed until the applicable light permits it.

Obey instructions from workers or controllers who are legally authorised to regulate traffic. Their signals may temporarily replace the ordinary traffic arrangement.

Observe the signs and lane arrows, check mirrors and blind spots and merge safely into the continuing lane.

Zipper merging means that vehicles in an ending or blocked lane merge alternately with vehicles in the continuing lane near the narrowing during congested traffic.

This depends on local law and traffic conditions. Where zipper merging applies during congestion, use both lanes and merge near the narrowing. In flowing traffic, change lanes when a safe gap is available.

Without another traffic control, the driver whose route is obstructed commonly has to yield before moving into the path of approaching or adjacent traffic.

Yes. Temporary signals may allow only one direction at a time through a narrow section.

No. Do not enter a narrow section, intersection or temporary crossing when congestion may leave you stopped inside it.

No. Do not move, pass around or ignore traffic-control equipment unless an authorised person instructs you to do so.

Only when signs and markings permit it and sufficient width and visibility remain. Overtaking is often unsafe in narrow or shifted lanes.

Only where temporary and permanent signs permit it. Do not obstruct workers, machinery, emergency access or temporary pedestrian and cycle routes.

Expect workers to enter the road, machinery to move or reverse and vehicles to leave the worksite. Reduce speed and leave generous space.

Follow the signed temporary cycle route or lane. Check surrounding traffic carefully before leaving a closed or obstructed bike path.

Use the designated temporary walkway or crossing and follow barriers, signs, signals and instructions from authorised personnel.

Traffic may brake suddenly because of queues, lane changes, machinery, debris or changing signals. Additional distance provides more time to react.

Move to the safest available location where possible, activate the hazard warning lights and contact assistance. Avoid standing in a live or narrow traffic lane.

Yes. Rules concerning safe speed, following distance, signalling, priority and vulnerable road users continue to apply unless a lawful temporary arrangement changes them.