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A pedestrian crossing is a designated place for pedestrians to cross a road. It may be controlled by traffic lights or operate without signals.

It may be indicated by white road markings, traffic signs, flashing lights, pedestrian signals or a raised crossing. Its appearance varies between countries.

A zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing marked by broad contrasting stripes or rectangles. Not every pedestrian crossing uses this design.

Not universally. Priority depends on local law, traffic signals and whether the pedestrian is already crossing or clearly preparing to cross.

This depends on local law. In many countries, drivers must give way when a pedestrian is clearly intending or preparing to enter the crossing.

Reduce speed, observe both sides of the road and be prepared to stop. Pay particular attention to children, older people and persons with limited mobility.

No. Do not enter when traffic ahead may force you to stop on the crossing and block pedestrians.

Stop before the crossing or before the applicable stop line. Leave the crossing completely clear.

Overtaking may be prohibited, particularly when another vehicle has stopped or slowed for the crossing. Even where no specific prohibition applies, overtaking is unsafe when pedestrians may be hidden from view.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on or immediately before a crossing can obstruct pedestrians and hide them from approaching drivers.

Not by itself. Drivers must respect the applicable speed limit and reduce their speed further when necessary to stop safely.

Yes. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the signals applying to them. Drivers must still allow pedestrians who lawfully started crossing to finish safely.

No. Pedestrians must wait when the pedestrian signal prohibits them from entering the road.

A pedestrian who entered lawfully should continue at a normal pace. Drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a person riding a bicycle is treated as a driver and does not receive pedestrian priority. A cyclist walking beside the bicycle is normally treated as a pedestrian.

Not automatically. A separate cycle crossing, cycle path or combined crossing may be indicated by additional markings or signs.

Some countries require pedestrians to use a crossing when one is located within a specified distance. Other countries allow crossing elsewhere when it can be done safely.

No. Pedestrians should cross without unnecessary delay and should not obstruct traffic by stopping or lingering on the road.

The raised surface itself does not necessarily determine priority. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the crossing markings, signs, signals and local rules.

Check for pedestrians approaching from both sides and give way where required. Turning drivers should not focus only on motor traffic.

Observe approaching traffic, make sure drivers have sufficient time to react and cross carefully. Priority does not remove the need to avoid stepping into the path of a vehicle that cannot stop safely.

A railway crossing is a place where a road or path crosses railway tracks at the same level.

It may also be called a level crossing or, particularly in North America, a railroad crossing.

It may be indicated by warning signs, crossbuck signs, barriers, flashing lights, bells or road markings. The design differs between countries.

A protected crossing uses full or partial barriers to block road traffic when a train approaches. A crossing without barriers relies on signs, lights, bells or the road user’s own observation.

Not necessarily. You must stop when required by lights, barriers, signs, an approaching train or an authorised person. At an unprotected crossing, slow down and proceed only after checking that no train is approaching.

Flashing red lights mean stop and do not enter the crossing. Remain stopped until the signal permits you to continue.

No. Do not enter while a barrier is lowering, rising or closed. Wait until the crossing is fully open and all prohibiting signals have stopped.

No. Never drive, cycle or walk around or underneath a closed or moving barrier.

A warning bell or audible signal normally means that the crossing is closing or that a train is approaching. Do not enter the crossing while it is sounding.

In some countries, a flashing white light indicates that the crossing equipment is operating and road users may pass when the route is clear. Its exact meaning depends on local law.

Reduce speed, look and listen carefully in both directions and cross only after making sure that no train or other rail vehicle is approaching.

Not automatically. Another train may approach on a second track. Wait until all warning signals stop and the crossing is fully open.

Do not enter the crossing unless there is enough room beyond the tracks for your entire vehicle. Never rely on traffic moving before a train arrives.

No. Railway tracks must always remain clear. Do not stop because of congestion, traffic lights or another obstruction beyond the crossing.

Overtaking is often prohibited or restricted because another vehicle can obstruct the view of an approaching train or warning signal. Follow local signs and overtaking rules.

No. Stopping or parking on the tracks creates an immediate and potentially fatal danger.

Yes. Pedestrians and cyclists must obey barriers, lights, bells and authorised personnel in the same way as other road users.

Where possible, cross the rails at an angle close to 90 degrees. Rails can trap a bicycle wheel, especially when they are wet or cross the road diagonally.

Make sure the entire vehicle and any trailer can clear the crossing without stopping. Consider the available space, road gradient, turning room and traffic beyond the tracks.

Observe all height restrictions and warning signs. Electrified railway lines may have overhead equipment that can be struck by an excessively high vehicle or load.

Treat the crossing with extreme caution. Do not assume that no train is approaching merely because the lights or barriers are not operating.

Evacuate everyone immediately, move well away from the railway and contact the emergency services or railway operator. Do not remain in the vehicle or return for belongings.

Not always. A railway crossing normally crosses tracks that are separate from the carriageway, while tram or street-running railway tracks may form part of the road itself.

It requires drivers to follow the direction or one of the directions shown by the arrow or arrows.

It is commonly a blue circular sign with one or more white arrows. Colours and designs may differ in some countries.

It normally means that drivers must continue straight ahead and may not turn in another direction at that location.

It normally requires drivers to turn or proceed in the direction shown by the arrow.

Drivers may choose one of the displayed directions. Any direction not shown is prohibited.

It requires drivers to pass the traffic island, barrier, roadworks equipment or other obstruction on the side indicated by the arrow.

No. A mandatory-direction sign prescribes a movement at a particular location. A one-way sign indicates the permitted direction along a road or carriageway.

No. A mandatory sign states which direction must be followed, while a prohibition sign states which movement is forbidden. Both may produce a similar practical result.

No. Drivers must follow the applicable general, zonal or posted speed limit and reduce speed when necessary to complete the required movement safely.

No. You must still obey traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary rules concerning oncoming traffic, pedestrians, cyclists and other road users.

It normally applies at the sign, intersection or obstacle associated with it. An advance sign may indicate that the obligation begins farther ahead.

Yes. When it is positioned above a particular lane or clearly associated with that lane, it normally applies only to traffic using that lane.

Yes. Lane arrows may require drivers to use a particular lane and follow one of the directions displayed within that lane.

Yes, when the required movement involves turning or changing position and local law requires signalling. The sign does not replace the obligation to indicate.

No. An indicator communicates your intention but does not allow you to force another road user to brake or change direction.

Not when doing so would conflict with the mandatory direction or another prohibition. Drivers must follow the permitted route shown by the signs and markings.

No. Reversing must not be used to evade a mandatory direction. Continue along a lawful route and turn around later where permitted.

Cyclists are normally treated as drivers and must obey the sign unless a supplementary panel or local rule expressly exempts them.

Yes. Supplementary signs may exempt or separately regulate cyclists, public transport or other specified categories where local law permits this.

Do not enter a closed or unsafe route. Stop where safe and follow temporary signs, traffic lights or instructions from authorised personnel.

Not normally. Traffic lights determine when traffic may proceed, while the mandatory-direction sign determines which movement is permitted.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary traffic rules.

Yes. Properly placed temporary signs at roadworks, incidents or events must be obeyed.

It requires vehicles carrying specified dangerous goods to follow a designated route suitable for their cargo and any applicable tunnel restrictions.

The obligation is normally completed after the driver has followed the required direction at the intersection or passed the obstacle on the indicated side.

A turn prohibition prevents drivers from making a particular turn or change of direction indicated by a traffic sign.

It is commonly a circular sign with a red border showing a crossed or barred turning arrow. The arrow indicates the movement that is prohibited.

It prohibits drivers from turning left at the location or intersection to which the sign applies.

It prohibits drivers from turning right at the location or intersection to which the sign applies.

It prohibits drivers from turning around to travel in the opposite direction.

No. A prohibition sign identifies a movement that may not be made. A mandatory-direction sign identifies the direction or directions that must be followed.

No. A turn prohibition prevents a particular approach from turning into a road. A no-entry sign prohibits vehicles from entering the road from the direction where it is displayed.

No. A one-way rule controls the permitted direction along a road. A turn prohibition controls a particular movement at or near an intersection.

It may apply at the sign, at the next intersection or throughout a stated section. Drivers must follow the sign design and the rules of the country concerned.

Yes. An advance sign or supplementary distance panel may warn drivers that the prohibited turn is farther ahead.

Yes. A sign positioned above or clearly associated with one lane may apply only to drivers using that lane.

Yes. Drivers must choose the correct lane and follow one of the directions displayed by its legally binding arrows.

No. A green light permits traffic to proceed, but drivers must still respect turn prohibitions, lane arrows and other regulatory signs.

No. Drivers making another permitted movement must still follow traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary rules concerning pedestrians, cyclists and other vehicles.

No. The applicable general, zonal or posted speed limit remains in force.

Yes, where local law requires it. Signal early enough to communicate your intention and stop signalling after completing the movement.

No. An indicator communicates an intention but cannot authorise a movement prohibited by a traffic sign.

Yes. A supplementary sign may allow cyclists or other specified road users to make a turn that remains prohibited for general traffic.

Public transport, taxis or other authorised vehicles may be exempted where a supplementary sign or local rule expressly permits the movement.

Not universally. Some countries treat these as separate prohibitions. Drivers must check whether a separate no-U-turn sign or general rule applies.

This depends on the exact legal scope of the sign. A sign applying specifically to the next intersection may not regulate an earlier property entrance, but another sign or road marking may still prohibit the movement.

No. Do not reverse through traffic or into an intersection to evade the sign. Continue along a permitted route and change direction later where it is legal and safe.

Follow the movement permitted from that lane. Do not turn suddenly across another lane or ignore the sign; continue and choose another legal route.

Yes. Properly placed temporary signs near roadworks, incidents or events must be obeyed.

Yes. Follow instructions from an authorised traffic officer even when they differ from the displayed turn prohibition.

A school area is a road or group of roads near a school where drivers should expect large numbers of children, pedestrians, cyclists and stopping vehicles.

It may be identified by school warning signs, speed-zone signs, flashing lights, road markings, coloured surfacing or traffic-calming measures. The signs differ between countries.

No. Special school-area rules normally apply only where signs, signals or local legislation establish them.

There is no universal school-area speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, region, signs and whether a variable restriction is active.

Some limits apply permanently, while others apply only during displayed times or when flashing or variable signs are active. Drivers must observe the actual sign arrangement.

Yes, when necessary. The displayed speed is a maximum. Children, congestion, poor visibility or vehicles stopping near the school may require a much lower speed.

Children may have difficulty judging speed and distance, may be hidden by parked vehicles and may enter the road unexpectedly.

Reduce speed early, increase your observation and be prepared for children crossing, cyclists changing direction, vehicle doors opening and cars stopping suddenly.

No. Priority depends on crossings, traffic lights, authorised crossing supervisors and local rules. Drivers must nevertheless take exceptional care to avoid endangering children.

Yes. Drivers and other road users must follow lawful instructions given by an authorised person controlling traffic for children.

This depends on local pedestrian rules. Drivers should remain prepared for children to cross unexpectedly, even where they are required to use a nearby crossing.

Not by itself. A school warning sign alerts drivers to children but does not normally create the legal effect of a pedestrian crossing.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules remain applicable unless another traffic arrangement provides otherwise.

Overtaking may be restricted by signs or local law. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when children, crossings, limited visibility or stopped vehicles make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Only where stopping is permitted and can be completed safely. Do not stop on a crossing, pavement, bike path, bus stop or another prohibited or dangerous location.

Follow the parking signs and markings. Do not block entrances, pavements, bike paths, crossings, visibility or access for buses and emergency vehicles.

It blocks traffic and visibility and may force children to walk between moving vehicles or enter the road from behind an obstruction.

Expect children to enter or leave the vehicle and possibly cross the road. Reduce speed and follow any special warning lights, signs or local school-bus rules.

Normally, yes. They must follow the applicable road, bike-path, speed and priority rules. Drivers should expect inexperienced young cyclists.

No. A school area normally remains open to traffic under special caution or speed rules. A school street temporarily restricts or excludes motor traffic during specified periods.

Not universally. A school area may form part of a Zone 30, use another speed limit or have a variable restriction that applies only at particular times.

They normally end at an end sign, at the end of the stated time period or when the variable signal is no longer active. The surrounding road rules then apply.

In right-hand traffic countries, overtaking normally takes place on the left. In left-hand traffic countries, it normally takes place on the right. National rules can provide exceptions in particular situations.

Make sure there is sufficient visibility and space, check mirrors and blind spots, ensure that nobody behind has already started overtaking and confirm that you can safely return to your normal position after passing.

Do not overtake where signs or road markings prohibit it or where visibility, approaching traffic, intersections, crossings, bends, hills or other conditions make the manoeuvre unsafe.

It warns that animals may enter or cross the road in the area ahead.

Depending on the symbol and local conditions, it may refer to deer, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wild boar or other animals.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign displaying the silhouette of an animal. The species shown may indicate the type of animal most likely to be encountered.

No. It indicates an increased likelihood of animals crossing, not that animals will be present every time.

No. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable, but drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No automatic priority is created by the warning sign. Drivers must nevertheless avoid danger and allow animals already on the road to pass safely.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and scan the road, verges, fields and vegetation for movement or reflected eyes.

Animal activity is often greater around dawn, dusk and darkness, although animals may cross at any time.

Many animals travel in groups. When one animal crosses, others may follow immediately from the same direction.

Avoid unnecessary horn use or engine revving because it may frighten an animal and make its movement less predictable. Use a warning only when reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Use the appropriate lights without dazzling other road users. When an animal is visible, reduce speed and avoid relying on full beam to make it move away.

Slow down smoothly, stop when necessary and allow it enough time and space to leave. Avoid sudden acceleration or aggressive steering.

Avoid an uncontrolled swerve that could cause a collision with another vehicle, tree, barrier, cyclist or pedestrian. Brake firmly while maintaining control and steer only when a safe escape path is clearly available.

Pass only when the animals and their handlers have sufficient space. Drive slowly, avoid noise and be prepared for an animal to change direction unexpectedly.

Reduce speed, leave a large lateral distance and pass quietly. Avoid sounding the horn, accelerating sharply or passing when oncoming traffic prevents sufficient clearance.

Follow lawful instructions from an authorised person and cooperate with handlers controlling animals on or across the road.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but overtaking should be avoided when animals, limited visibility or approaching traffic make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Maintain enough following distance to see beyond the vehicle ahead. Be prepared for it to brake suddenly when an animal enters the road.

Reduce speed, keep both hands firmly in control and avoid sudden movements. Animals may react unexpectedly to quiet or fast-approaching two-wheeled vehicles.

Stop safely, activate the hazard warning lights and check for injured people. Contact the emergency services or police when necessary and do not approach a wounded wild animal, which may defend itself.

Normally not. Keep a safe distance and allow the police, wildlife authorities or an animal-rescue service to handle it.

Yes. Drivers remain responsible for observing the road and adjusting their speed even where no animal warning sign is displayed.

It warns that rocks or stones may fall onto the road or may already be lying on the carriageway.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign showing rocks falling from a steep slope. The exact colour and design vary between countries.

No. It indicates an increased risk. The road may be clear, contain stones from an earlier fall or become dangerous without additional warning.

Not necessarily. It may also warn about loose or fallen stones already present on the road.

Rockfalls may be caused by erosion, heavy rain, frost and thawing, storms, ground movement, vegetation loss, roadworks or natural instability.

The risk may increase during or after heavy rain, freezing weather, rapid thawing, strong winds, earthquakes or work on a nearby slope.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Reduce speed smoothly, increase your following distance and watch the road surface, slope, barriers and vehicles ahead for signs of falling or fallen material.

No. Leave additional distance so you can see stones on the road and react if the vehicle ahead brakes or changes direction suddenly.

Avoid unnecessary stopping in the exposed section. Stop only when required by traffic, an obstruction or an emergency, and choose the safest available location.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but drivers should avoid overtaking when visibility, road width, loose stones or the risk of falling material makes it unsafe.

Avoid doing so. Even where parking is not expressly prohibited, remaining beneath an unstable cliff or slope may expose the vehicle and its occupants to unnecessary danger.

Reduce speed without harsh steering or braking. Pass only when there is enough clear space and visibility; otherwise, stop at a safe distance and report the obstruction.

Avoid a sudden uncontrolled swerve. Brake while maintaining control and steer around the obstruction only when the adjacent space is clearly safe.

Stop at a safe distance, activate the hazard warning lights when appropriate and contact the police, road authority or emergency services. Do not attempt to drive over unstable debris.

Do not enter the affected section. Stop well before the danger where possible and move away only when this can be done safely without reversing blindly or entering another hazard.

Do not stand near the unstable slope or falling material. Leave the vehicle only when remaining inside creates a greater immediate danger and a protected escape route is available.

Normally not. A stone may be too heavy, unstable or followed by additional falling material. Keep a safe distance and allow trained services to clear the road.

Even small stones can cause a rider to lose balance or damage a tyre. Riders should reduce speed, avoid sudden steering and keep a greater distance from other traffic.

No. Nets, barriers and retaining structures reduce the risk but cannot guarantee that every stone will be contained.

It may indicate how far ahead the danger begins. Another panel may indicate the length of the hazardous road section.

Keep control of the vehicle, stop at a safe location and activate the hazard warning lights. Check the tyres, wheels and underside only when it is safe and report any dangerous debris.

No. Drivers must remain attentive wherever roads run beside cliffs, cuttings or steep slopes, even when no warning sign is displayed.

An aircraft warning alerts drivers that aircraft may pass at low altitude over or near the road.

They are commonly used near airports, airfields and flight paths where low-flying aircraft or sudden aircraft noise may surprise road users.

Continue to concentrate on the road and avoid sudden braking, steering or other unnecessary manoeuvres because of the aircraft.

A road curve is a section where the road changes direction to the left or right.

It may be indicated by a triangular warning sign showing a curved line. The symbol normally indicates whether the first curve turns left or right.

A double curve consists of two curves in opposite directions. The warning sign normally shows the direction of the first curve.

Yes. A double-curve symbol may also warn of a longer sequence of successive curves. A supplementary panel may indicate the length of the winding section.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must still reduce speed when the permitted maximum would be unsafe.

Reduce speed before entering the curve, while the vehicle is travelling straight and has maximum stability.

No. Harsh braking in a curve can reduce stability and grip. Complete most braking beforehand and use smooth adjustments where necessary.

Maintain a controlled speed through the curve. Accelerate smoothly only when the exit becomes visible and the vehicle is stable.

Look towards the path you intend to follow and the visible exit of the curve. Continue checking the road surface, lane position and nearby traffic.

Yes. Do not cross the centre line or cut across another lane, even when this would make the curve appear easier to negotiate.

Buildings, vegetation, slopes, barriers and the road alignment may hide oncoming traffic, cyclists, pedestrians, stopped vehicles or debris.

Choose a speed that allows you to remain in your lane and stop within the distance you can see to be clear. The safe speed may be far below the legal maximum.

An advisory speed is a recommended safe speed for negotiating the curve under suitable conditions. It is not necessarily the legal maximum speed.

They reduce tyre grip and increase the risk of skidding. Reduce speed earlier, use smooth controls and leave additional distance from other vehicles.

Avoid sudden braking or steering. Reduce speed smoothly and follow a clear path without entering another traffic lane.

Do not overtake when visibility is insufficient to see approaching traffic and complete the manoeuvre safely. Local law, signs and continuous road markings may also prohibit overtaking.

Only where it is permitted and the vehicle remains clearly visible. Stopping or parking in a poorly visible curve may create a serious hazard and is often prohibited.

No. Leave enough distance to react if the vehicle ahead brakes for a hidden obstruction or a sharper part of the curve.

Motorcycles require grip for both cornering and braking. Riders should reduce speed before the curve, choose a stable line and avoid painted markings, gravel and slippery surfaces.

A trailer may sway, track closer to the inside of the curve or become unstable when speed and steering inputs are excessive. Enter slowly and steer smoothly.

Buses and trucks may move closer to lane boundaries because of their length and width. Other drivers should avoid travelling beside them through a tight curve.

Reduce speed, move safely towards your side of the road and avoid a sudden manoeuvre that could cause another collision. Sound a warning only when reasonably necessary.

No. Drivers must assess every curve and adapt their speed even when no warning sign is displayed.

A road chevron is a V-shaped or arrow-shaped marker used to guide drivers through a curve or another sharp change in road direction.

It is normally displayed on a rectangular board using strongly contrasting colours. Several chevrons may be placed in sequence around a curve.

The point of the chevron indicates the direction in which the road continues. A chevron pointing left guides traffic through a left curve, while one pointing right guides traffic through a right curve.

They are generally placed along the outside of a curve, facing approaching traffic so that drivers can clearly see the road alignment.

A series of chevrons visually traces the curve and helps drivers judge its direction, length and changing alignment.

No. A curve-warning sign normally warns drivers before the curve. Chevron boards are usually positioned within or around the curve to guide drivers through it.

No. It guides drivers through the change in direction but does not normally introduce a numerical speed limit.

Not by itself. A separate advisory-speed or speed-limit sign may indicate an appropriate or legally required speed.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

It normally indicates that the curve requires additional visual guidance. Drivers should expect a noticeable or potentially sharp change in direction.

Not directly. The number and spacing depend on the length, radius and design of the curve and on the road authority’s signing standards.

Not necessarily. Larger boards may be used where approach speeds are higher or where greater visibility is needed.

Reduce speed before the curve, observe the direction of the boards and remain within your traffic lane.

No. Complete most braking before entering the curve and use smooth steering, braking and acceleration while following it.

No. The boards normally mark the outside edge of the curve. Follow the road around them rather than steering towards them.

No. Remain within your lane and do not enter the path of oncoming traffic.

The chevrons do not automatically prohibit overtaking, but overtaking is unsafe when the curve restricts visibility or available road width.

Reflective material makes the boards easier to see in darkness and poor weather when illuminated by vehicle headlights.

Yes. Some high-risk curves use illuminated or flashing chevrons to make the change in direction more conspicuous.

Yes. Their colours and design vary between countries, but contrasting colours are used to make the direction clearly visible.

Reduce speed before the curve, choose a stable path and look through the turn. Do not focus exclusively on the chevrons or allow the motorcycle to cross the centre line while leaning.

No. Drivers must assess every curve and select a safe speed whether or not chevron boards are installed.

Wrong-way driving means travelling against the legally permitted direction of traffic.

It can occur on one-way streets, divided roads, motorways, slip roads, tunnels, car parks and temporary traffic arrangements.

Other drivers do not expect approaching traffic in their lane, and the combined speeds can make a head-on collision extremely severe.

Look for no-entry signs, one-way signs, mandatory-direction signs, lane arrows and road markings. Motorway exits may also have repeated signs or warning systems facing the wrong direction.

Entering past a no-entry sign can cause wrong-way driving, but the term also covers turning around on a divided road or using the wrong carriageway without passing such a sign.

Normally, yes. However, signs may expressly permit certain road users, such as cyclists or public transport, to travel in the opposite direction.

No. A cyclist, bus or other road user travelling in an expressly authorised contraflow lane or direction is using the road legally.

Yes. Temporary signs, barriers, lane signals and markings may redirect traffic onto another lane or carriageway. Follow the temporary arrangement rather than the usual road layout.

Reduce speed immediately, keep as far as safely possible towards the outer edge of your carriageway and avoid sudden lane changes. Warn the police or emergency services as soon as this can be done safely.

No. Do not block, chase or turn after the vehicle. Protect yourself and allow trained emergency services to intervene.

A brief warning may help the driver recognise the error, but avoid prolonged or aggressive signalling that could cause panic or an unpredictable manoeuvre.

Use the horn only when reasonably necessary to warn of immediate danger. Your first priority is to reduce speed and create as much safe space as possible.

Normally not. Sudden stopping may cause a rear-end collision. Slow down and move towards a safe shoulder, refuge or other protected location where possible.

Reduce speed, stop overtaking, increase your following distance and remain in the lane or position recommended by the local authorities or warning system.

Avoid unnecessary use of lanes nearest opposing or central traffic when a wrong-way driver has been reported. Follow local emergency guidance and electronic signs.

Slow down immediately, activate the hazard warning lights and use dipped headlights where required. Move to the safest available edge or shoulder and stop.

No. Increasing speed greatly increases the collision risk. Stop safely and wait for instructions from the police.

No. Do not turn across live lanes, cross a central reservation or attempt to correct the mistake through another dangerous manoeuvre.

No. Reversing against traffic or along a motorway slip road creates additional danger. Stop safely and contact the emergency services.

This depends on the location and immediate danger. Remain protected from moving traffic and follow instructions from the emergency services. Do not stand in a live lane.

Stop safely before using a handheld phone. A passenger may call while the vehicle is moving when local law permits and this can be done without distracting the driver.

Report the road name or number, direction, nearby exit or landmark, vehicle description and the wrong-way driver’s approximate location and direction.

Possible causes include confusion at junctions, poor visibility, unfamiliar roads, impairment, navigation errors, turning around illegally or deliberately ignoring traffic signs.

Slow down at unfamiliar junctions, read signs before turning, verify the road layout and do not rely exclusively on navigation instructions.

No. Traffic signs, signals, markings and instructions from authorised persons always take precedence over navigation guidance.

Roadworks are construction, maintenance, repair or inspection activities carried out on or beside a road.

They may be indicated by a roadworks warning sign, cones, barriers, temporary markings, flashing lights, machinery or workers.

No, not by itself. A separate temporary or permanent speed-limit sign establishes the legal maximum speed.

Yes, when necessary. Narrow lanes, workers, machinery, poor surfaces, congestion or limited visibility may require a substantially lower speed.

Yes. Correctly installed temporary signs must be obeyed for as long as they are in force.

Follow the temporary markings that guide traffic through the works. Local law determines how they take priority over older permanent markings.

Yes. Stop at the line or signal when required and do not proceed until the applicable light permits it.

Obey instructions from workers or controllers who are legally authorised to regulate traffic. Their signals may temporarily replace the ordinary traffic arrangement.

Observe the signs and lane arrows, check mirrors and blind spots and merge safely into the continuing lane.

Zipper merging means that vehicles in an ending or blocked lane merge alternately with vehicles in the continuing lane near the narrowing during congested traffic.

This depends on local law and traffic conditions. Where zipper merging applies during congestion, use both lanes and merge near the narrowing. In flowing traffic, change lanes when a safe gap is available.

Without another traffic control, the driver whose route is obstructed commonly has to yield before moving into the path of approaching or adjacent traffic.

Yes. Temporary signals may allow only one direction at a time through a narrow section.

No. Do not enter a narrow section, intersection or temporary crossing when congestion may leave you stopped inside it.

No. Do not move, pass around or ignore traffic-control equipment unless an authorised person instructs you to do so.

Only when signs and markings permit it and sufficient width and visibility remain. Overtaking is often unsafe in narrow or shifted lanes.

Only where temporary and permanent signs permit it. Do not obstruct workers, machinery, emergency access or temporary pedestrian and cycle routes.

Expect workers to enter the road, machinery to move or reverse and vehicles to leave the worksite. Reduce speed and leave generous space.

Follow the signed temporary cycle route or lane. Check surrounding traffic carefully before leaving a closed or obstructed bike path.

Use the designated temporary walkway or crossing and follow barriers, signs, signals and instructions from authorised personnel.

Traffic may brake suddenly because of queues, lane changes, machinery, debris or changing signals. Additional distance provides more time to react.

Move to the safest available location where possible, activate the hazard warning lights and contact assistance. Avoid standing in a live or narrow traffic lane.

Yes. Rules concerning safe speed, following distance, signalling, priority and vulnerable road users continue to apply unless a lawful temporary arrangement changes them.

It prohibits vehicles whose total height exceeds the displayed value from continuing beyond the sign.

It is commonly a circular regulatory sign showing a height in metres, feet or another local unit between vertical arrows.

The height includes the vehicle, its load and any attached equipment, such as roof boxes, bicycles, machinery, antennas or raised loading equipment.

Yes. Every part of a vehicle combination must fit beneath the restriction, including the towing vehicle, trailer and load.

Not necessarily. Road authorities may display a lower value than the measured clearance to provide a safety margin.

The legal wording commonly prohibits vehicles higher than the displayed value, but drivers should not attempt to pass without a practical safety margin. Measurement errors, movement and road conditions can reduce the available clearance.

Loading, tyre pressure, suspension settings, raised equipment, replacement tyres and road movement can alter the vehicle’s total height.

Yes. The vehicle may rise or lower depending on its suspension mode, speed and load. Use the maximum travelling height when planning the route.

Yes. An arched bridge, tunnel roof or overhead structure may provide different clearance in each lane. Follow lane-specific signs and markings.

Yes. Clearance may be lower near the edge of an arch or where the road slopes sideways. Remain within the authorised marked path.

Yes. A new road surface can raise the road level and reduce the space beneath a bridge or structure.

Yes. Material on the road can raise the vehicle or restrict the usable route. Flooding may also conceal the road surface or another hazard.

They are common at bridges, tunnels, car parks, loading areas, gateways, railway structures and roads with overhead equipment.

It is normally a prohibition. A vehicle that exceeds the displayed height may not pass.

No. The applicable road or posted speed limit remains in force, although drivers should approach cautiously.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Yes. An advance sign may show the restriction and the distance to it so that high vehicles can choose another route.

Do not continue. Stop where safe and follow the signed diversion or another suitable route. Do not reverse into traffic without assistance.

No. Navigation may contain outdated or incomplete vehicle restrictions. Traffic signs and the actual road conditions always take precedence.

Yes. Drivers of trucks, buses, motorhomes and vehicles carrying roof loads should know and, where useful, display the vehicle’s maximum travelling height inside the cab.

Stop before the restriction in a safe place and verify the vehicle’s height. Choose another route when safe clearance cannot be confirmed.

Only when signs and markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Do not cross a closed lane, continuous line or opposing traffic merely to gain clearance.

Only in a safe place and when the equipment can be secured correctly afterwards. Never stop beneath the structure or in a live lane to alter the vehicle.

Stop immediately where safe, activate the hazard warning lights and contact the emergency services or police. Do not continue because the vehicle, load or structure may be unstable.

No, when damage may have occurred. Keep away from the structure and follow instructions from the police, road authority or railway operator.

It prohibits vehicles or vehicle combinations whose total width exceeds the displayed value from continuing beyond the sign.

It is commonly a circular regulatory sign showing a width in metres, feet or another local unit between horizontal arrowheads.

The width includes the vehicle, its load and attached equipment or objects that extend from either side.

Yes. Every part of the vehicle combination must comply, including the towing vehicle, trailer and load.

Yes, when they extend beyond the sides of the vehicle. Drivers must consider the widest point of the complete travelling vehicle.

Doors should be closed while driving. The ordinary travelling width is measured with the vehicle properly configured for road use.

Not necessarily. It shows the maximum legally permitted vehicle width. The physical passage may be wider, but drivers should not assume that additional clearance is available.

The sign normally prohibits vehicles wider than the displayed value. However, drivers should not attempt to pass without a practical safety margin because measurements and vehicle movement may vary.

A vehicle may move sideways because of steering corrections, road camber, wind, suspension movement or an uneven surface.

Yes. Walls, barriers, columns, bends, kerbs and protruding structures may make one part narrower than another.

Yes. Lane-specific signs may impose different restrictions where the available width varies between lanes.

Yes. Barriers, machinery and shifted lanes may reduce the usable width. Temporary width-limit signs must be obeyed.

It is normally a prohibition. A vehicle that exceeds the displayed width may not pass.

No. The applicable general, zonal or posted speed limit remains in force, although drivers should approach narrow passages slowly.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Yes. An advance sign may show the restriction and the distance to it so that wide vehicles can choose another route.

Do not continue. Stop where safe and use the signed diversion or another suitable route.

No. Navigation information may be outdated or incomplete. Traffic signs and actual road conditions always take precedence.

Yes. Drivers of trucks, buses, agricultural vehicles, motorhomes and vehicles carrying wide loads should know the maximum travelling width before beginning the journey.

Measure the widest part of the vehicle and load in its normal travelling configuration. Consider equipment, securing devices and any load extending beyond the bodywork.

Yes. Mirrors, arms, steps or machinery designed to be folded or retracted should be placed in the legally required travelling position before driving.

Only when signs and markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Do not cross a closed lane, continuous line or opposing traffic to avoid the restriction.

Stop before the restriction in a safe place and verify the vehicle’s dimensions. Choose another route when adequate clearance cannot be confirmed.

A guide may help during a slow manoeuvre in a controlled location, but the driver remains responsible. The guide must remain visible and stay away from moving traffic and crushing hazards.

Stop immediately where safe, activate the hazard warning lights and contact the police or emergency services. Do not continue when the vehicle, load or structure may be damaged or unstable.

A length limit indicates the maximum vehicle or vehicle-combination length permitted beyond the restriction. Vehicles exceeding the displayed value may not proceed.

Normally the relevant measurement applies to the complete vehicle or vehicle combination covered by the sign. National rules determine precisely how trailers and projecting loads are included.

They are used where long vehicles could have difficulty negotiating the road safely, such as on narrow streets, tight bends, constrained junctions or other locations with limited manoeuvring space.

It prohibits vehicles or vehicle combinations whose relevant mass exceeds the value displayed on the sign.

It is commonly a circular regulatory sign showing a mass in tonnes, kilograms or another local unit.

It is normally a prohibition. A vehicle exceeding the displayed limit may not continue beyond the sign.

Actual loaded mass is the weight of the vehicle as it is currently travelling, including the vehicle itself, its load, driver, passengers and other relevant equipment.

Maximum authorised mass is the highest total mass at which the vehicle is legally approved to operate. It is normally recorded in the vehicle documents.

No. A lightly loaded vehicle may have an actual mass below its maximum authorised mass. A restriction may legally refer to either measurement, depending on the sign and local law.

Yes. Cargo, passengers, fuel, equipment and other carried items may all contribute to the vehicle’s actual loaded mass.

Where the restriction concerns actual loaded mass, the driver and other occupants are normally included.

This depends on the wording of the restriction. It may apply to each vehicle separately or to the combined mass of the complete vehicle combination.

An axle-weight limit restricts the amount of mass carried by one axle or axle group rather than the total mass of the vehicle.

A vehicle may comply with the total weight limit while too much of its load is concentrated over one axle, creating excessive stress on the road or bridge.

They are often used at bridges, weak roads, historic centres, tunnels, temporary structures and roads unsuitable for heavy traffic.

Not necessarily. The displayed legal limit may include engineering and safety margins and should not be interpreted as the structure’s exact failure point.

A sign normally prohibits vehicles exceeding the displayed value. The driver must still be certain that the relevant mass does not exceed it.

The most reliable method is to use an authorised or suitable weighbridge. Vehicle documents alone normally show approved limits rather than the vehicle’s current loaded mass.

An estimate may help with planning, but it must include the vehicle, fuel, occupants, equipment, load and trailer. A weighbridge is preferable when the remaining margin is small.

No. Moving cargo within the vehicle does not change its total mass, but it can change the load carried by each axle.

Yes, when done lawfully and safely. The vehicle may continue only after its relevant mass complies and the remaining load is properly secured.

Yes. Temporary restrictions may protect a damaged bridge, weakened road, roadworks structure or road affected by flooding or thawing.

Yes. Lane-specific signs may direct heavier vehicles towards a lane or structure designed to carry them.

Yes. Advance signs may give the distance to the restriction or indicate a diversion so affected vehicles can choose another route.

No. The applicable general, zonal or posted speed limit remains in force.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Do not continue. Stop where safe and follow a signed diversion or another route suitable for the vehicle’s mass.

No. Navigation information may be incomplete or outdated. Traffic signs and official restrictions always take precedence.

Only when reversing is lawful and can be completed safely. Use assistance where necessary, particularly with a long or heavy vehicle combination.

The vehicle may damage the road or structure and may be stopped, fined, unloaded or prohibited from continuing under local law.

It is a sign that shows the destinations and routes available at an intersection.

An advance direction sign is placed before an intersection so drivers can identify their route and choose the correct lane in good time.

A direction sign is normally placed at or close to the intersection and points towards a particular destination or route.

It commonly displays place names, arrows, road numbers, route symbols or diagrams of the intersection.

The arrows show which direction drivers should follow to reach the displayed destinations.

Usually, yes. Arrow design and orientation can vary, especially on signs positioned above traffic lanes.

It shows the approximate arrangement of the roads and exits at the approaching intersection without necessarily reproducing every island, verge or road detail.

No. It simplifies the layout to make the available directions easier to understand.

Yes. Road numbers help drivers follow a numbered national, regional, international or motorway route.

Yes. A symbol may indicate that the displayed route leads to or continues over a motorway, expressway or another particular road category.

Yes. Separate direction signs may indicate hospitals, railway stations, airports, parking areas, ports, tourist attractions and other destinations.

No, unless another regulatory sign or lane marking makes that direction mandatory. A route-guidance sign normally provides information rather than imposing a movement.

No. A displayed destination does not override a no-turn sign, mandatory direction, traffic light or lane arrow.

No. Priority is determined by traffic lights, priority signs and the applicable intersection rules.

No. Drivers must follow the applicable general, zonal, posted or vehicle-specific speed limit.

Choose the appropriate lane as early as reasonably possible after reading the sign and checking the lane arrows and road markings.

Yes, when the movement is legal and safe. Check mirrors and blind spots, signal where required and give way to traffic already using the target lane.

The indication normally relates to that lane or group of lanes. Follow the lane arrows and overhead signs carefully.

Follow the regulatory sign, traffic light or authorised officer. Route guidance does not override a prohibition or obligation.

Follow the temporary diversion and traffic arrangement that is legally in force, even when permanent direction signs still show the usual route.

Continue safely and find another legal route. Do not reverse, stop suddenly or cut across traffic lanes.

No. Navigation instructions may be outdated or unsuitable for the vehicle. Traffic signs and current road conditions take precedence.

Yes. A route may include height, width, weight, access or dangerous-goods restrictions. Drivers must observe every applicable sign.

Yes. The language or languages used depend on the country, region and local signing rules.

Often, yes. Destinations may be grouped or ordered according to direction, importance or distance, but the exact convention differs between countries.

It means that drivers travelling on the indicated road have priority over traffic entering from intersecting roads at the next junction.

No. Priority at the next junction applies to one particular junction. A priority road normally keeps its priority across several junction until its status ends.

No. The term main road may describe a larger, busier or more important road, but legal priority is determined by traffic signs, signals and local rules.

It may be indicated by a priority-junction sign showing a thick line for the priority route and thinner lines for the roads that must give way.

Yes. On signs using a junction diagram, the thicker line normally represents the road followed by traffic with priority.

No. The priority route may turn left or right. A diagram or supplementary panel may show which branch retains priority.

They commonly face a give-way or stop sign, requiring them to yield to traffic on the priority route.

Not when legally placed signs establish another priority arrangement at that junction. Drivers must follow the actual signs rather than the ordinary default rule.

No. After passing the indicated junction, the priority arrangement at the next junction must be determined separately.

No. Approach at a safe speed and remain prepared for another road user to fail to give way.

No. Priority is not an obligation to continue. Slow down or stop whenever proceeding would create danger.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave your vehicle stopped inside the junction and obstructing other traffic.

No. The applicable general, zonal, posted or vehicle-specific speed limit remains in force.

No. Drivers must still yield to pedestrians where crossings, traffic signals or turning rules require it.

It regulates priority between traffic approaching the junction, but drivers must still respect continuing bike paths, cycle crossings and turning rules.

Yes, when following the route involves a change of direction and local law requires signalling. Priority does not remove the obligation to indicate.

No. An indicator communicates your intended movement but does not allow you to endanger or obstruct another road user.

Normally, yes. Priority over side-road traffic does not automatically give a left-turning driver priority over lawful oncoming traffic.

Functioning traffic lights normally control the junction instead of the priority signs. Local rules determine what applies when the lights are switched off or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over signs, signals and ordinary priority rules.

No. Overtaking remains subject to the ordinary rules, visibility, road markings and any separate prohibition signs.

No. The ordinary stopping and parking rules and any local signs or markings remain applicable.

The special priority indicated by the sign has been completed. At later junctions, follow the signs, signals or default priority rule applying there.

Traffic lights are signals that use coloured lights, arrows or road-user symbols to regulate traffic movements.

A red light requires road users to stop before the stop line or signal and remain stopped until movement is permitted.

A steady amber light normally requires drivers to stop unless they are already too close to stop safely. It warns that the signal is changing to red.

A green light permits road users to pass the signal, but only when the route is clear and the intended movement is otherwise legal.

No. You may still have to give way to pedestrians, cyclists, oncoming traffic or other road users when turning or following a conditional arrow.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave you stopped inside the intersection and obstructing crossing traffic.

Stop before the stop line. When no stop line is provided, stop before the traffic light or at another legally prescribed position.

No. The required stop must normally be completed before the stop line. Do not stop on a pedestrian or cycle crossing.

Stop when this can be done safely. Continue only when you are already too close to stop without creating danger.

No. Do not accelerate to avoid stopping. Maintain control and stop unless doing so safely is no longer possible.

They have the same general meaning as circular lights, but the prohibition or permission applies only to the direction shown by the arrow.

It may permit travel in the indicated direction while other movements remain prohibited. Drivers may still have to give way to conflicting traffic and pedestrians.

Not universally. Drivers must follow the complete local sign arrangement. A traffic signal does not necessarily cancel a separate regulatory prohibition.

Only where local law or a specific sign or signal expressly permits it. There is no universal right to turn on red.

It warns of a potential hazard and normally allows cautious passage. The ordinary priority arrangement remains applicable.

Reduce speed, observe the intersection carefully and follow the applicable priority signs or default priority rules.

Its meaning depends on local law. At railway crossings and some movable bridges, flashing red lights normally require road users to stop.

A red cross normally closes the lane, a green downward arrow opens it and an amber diagonal arrow instructs drivers to leave the lane in the indicated direction.

No. Move out of the lane safely before reaching the red cross unless an authorised person or emergency rule directs otherwise.

It warns that the lane is closing or unavailable ahead. Drivers must move into the adjacent lane indicated by the arrow when safe.

Yes. A signal displaying a bicycle symbol applies to the road users legally covered by that signal rather than to general motor traffic.

Yes. Pedestrian lights normally use red and green human figures to indicate whether pedestrians may begin crossing.

It normally warns that the crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should wait for the next green signal.

A person who entered lawfully should continue without unnecessary delay. Turning drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

Yes. Public-transport signals may use bars, circles, triangles or other symbols that apply only to authorised service vehicles.

They commonly replace the priority arrangement at that location. Priority signs may apply again when the normal signals are inactive or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over lights, signs, markings and ordinary rules.

Reduce speed and follow the priority signs, temporary signals, authorised personnel or default priority rules that apply.

Yes, when you entered lawfully and must leave the intersection. Complete the movement cautiously without endangering other road users.

No. Drivers may proceed but must continue at a safe and legal speed.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a driver temporarily stopped in traffic is still considered to be driving and may not use a handheld device.

A traffic lights warning alerts drivers that traffic signals are located ahead.

It may be used where traffic lights are unexpected, difficult to see sufficiently early or located on a road where advance warning improves safety.

Remain alert, reduce speed when necessary and be prepared to stop at the traffic lights or behind waiting traffic.

Pedestrian lights are traffic signals that indicate when pedestrians may begin crossing a road.

They commonly display a red standing person and a green walking person. Their design may vary between countries.

It means that pedestrians must not begin crossing.

It means that pedestrians may begin crossing, provided they still observe the road and cross without unnecessary delay.

No. Turning vehicles, emergency vehicles or traffic following another authorised signal may still cross the pedestrian route. Pedestrians should remain attentive.

It normally warns that the permitted crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should consider waiting for the next green signal.

Its meaning varies between countries. It commonly means that pedestrians must not begin crossing, while those already on the road should finish without delay.

A countdown may show approximately how much time remains before the signal changes. It does not remove the duty to cross cautiously.

Begin only when there is enough time to cross safely and without stopping unnecessarily on the road. Waiting for the next green phase may be safer.

Continue crossing at a normal pace towards the nearest safe side. Do not turn back suddenly, stop unnecessarily or run into another traffic stream.

Yes. Drivers should allow pedestrians who entered lawfully to complete the crossing safely, even when vehicle traffic receives permission to proceed.

Some signal systems permit turning vehicles and pedestrians at the same time. Turning drivers must give way where required and must not endanger pedestrians.

It is a signal phase during which conflicting vehicle movements are stopped so pedestrians can cross without permitted traffic turning across their route.

It is a phase in which pedestrians may cross several or all approaches while vehicle traffic is stopped. Diagonal crossing is permitted only when the signals and markings allow it.

They may indicate that the same pedestrian signal applies simultaneously to several crossing directions. The exact meaning depends on local law.

Check that approaching and turning vehicles are stopping and that the route is clear. A green signal does not make a collision impossible.

Yes. They should proceed at a normal pace and should not linger, stop unnecessarily or obstruct traffic on the crossing.

Pedestrians may have to follow the traffic lights controlling vehicles, an authorised officer or the ordinary pedestrian-crossing rules.

A push button normally registers a request for a pedestrian crossing phase. Pressing it does not itself permit crossing; pedestrians must wait for the appropriate signal.

Normally not. Once the request has been registered, additional presses usually have no effect.

Audible signals use sounds to help pedestrians with visual impairments identify when crossing is permitted or when the signal is changing.

Tactile signals may use a vibrating button, rotating cone or raised markings to provide crossing information to pedestrians with visual impairments.

Not normally. A cyclist riding a bicycle must follow the applicable cycle or vehicle signal unless a combined pedestrian-and-cycle signal applies.

A person walking beside a bicycle is normally treated as a pedestrian and follows the pedestrian signal.

They display pedestrian and bicycle symbols and apply to the road users indicated by those symbols.

No. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over pedestrian lights.

Cross only according to the functioning vehicle signals, priority rules and instructions from authorised personnel. Proceed cautiously and take approaching traffic into account.

Road markings are lines, symbols, arrows or words placed on the road surface to regulate, guide or provide information to road users.

They can separate traffic lanes, indicate stopping or priority points, guide traffic movements and mark crossings or reserved areas.

No. Many markings are internationally similar, but their colours, designs and exact legal meanings can vary between countries.