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A motorway is normally identified by a special motorway sign at its entrance. It commonly has separate carriageways, controlled entrances and exits, and no ordinary intersections or direct access to neighbouring properties.

Motorways are primarily intended for motor vehicles capable of travelling safely at motorway speeds. Pedestrians, cyclists, animals and certain slow vehicles are generally prohibited, but the exact access requirements differ between countries.

There is no universal motorway speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, road section, vehicle category and driving conditions. Posted or variable speed-limit signs may replace the general national limit.

Use the entrance or acceleration lane to observe motorway traffic and adjust your speed where possible. Enter only when there is a safe gap and follow the local priority and merging rules.

Move into the correct lane in good time and signal when required. Enter the exit or deceleration lane before reducing your speed, unless traffic, signs or road conditions require you to slow down earlier.

Follow the local keep-left or keep-right rule and any lane-direction signs. Lanes closer to the centre of the motorway are commonly used for overtaking, but lane-use rules differ between countries and vehicle categories.

Voluntary stopping and parking are normally permitted only in designated parking or service areas. Drivers may still have to stop because of congestion, an emergency or another unavoidable situation.

Reversing, making a U-turn and driving against the direction of traffic are generally prohibited. If you miss an exit, continue to the next suitable exit.

Move the vehicle out of the traffic lanes when this can be done safely, activate the hazard warning lights and follow the local breakdown procedures. Leave the vehicle safely, keep away from moving traffic and use a warning triangle or safety vest where required by local law.

A motorway normally has the highest level of access control and is governed by specific motorway rules. An expressway may have similar characteristics but may permit different road users or contain lower-standard junctions. The legal distinction varies between countries.

A traffic zone is a defined area in which a particular restriction, prohibition or obligation applies throughout the included roads rather than only at one location.

A traffic zone normally begins with a zone-entry sign showing the applicable rule. A corresponding end-of-zone sign indicates where that rule stops applying.

An ordinary sign usually applies to a particular road, direction, lane or section. A zone sign applies throughout a designated area, which may contain several roads and intersections.

Usually, yes. A zonal rule commonly continues through intersections until an end-of-zone sign is reached. The exact effect of intersections depends on local law.

A traffic zone normally ends when you pass the corresponding end-of-zone sign. The normal road rules or another signed regulation then apply.

Yes. A zone may contain several regulations, such as a speed limit together with parking or access restrictions. Drivers must observe every applicable sign.

Yes. A local sign may introduce a different or more restrictive rule on a particular road or section. Whether the original zonal rule resumes afterwards depends on local law and the type of regulation.

Common examples include speed zones, parking zones, low-emission zones, pedestrian zones, cycling zones, school zones and zones restricting particular vehicle categories.

No. A built-up area is a broader legally defined urban area. A traffic zone imposes a specific signed rule and may be located inside or outside a built-up area.

No. A residential area describes an area mainly used for housing. It may contain one or more traffic zones, but the terms do not automatically have the same legal meaning.

Not necessarily. The sign, symbol or additional panel may limit the rule to particular vehicles, road users, times or circumstances.

Observe the entrance sign carefully, identify every displayed rule and remember that the regulation may continue across several roads and intersections until the zone ends.

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed permitted on a road, lane or within a designated area. It does not require drivers to travel at that speed.

A speed limit is commonly displayed as a number on a regulatory traffic sign. General limits may also apply automatically because of the country, road category, vehicle type or surrounding area, even when no speed-limit sign is present.

No. It is the highest speed legally permitted under suitable conditions. Drivers must reduce their speed whenever travelling at the limit would be unsafe.

Yes. Drivers should travel more slowly when required by traffic, weather, visibility, road conditions or nearby vulnerable road users. Driving unnecessarily slowly may nevertheless be prohibited when it obstructs normal traffic.

Not always. Lower limits may apply to heavy vehicles, buses, vehicles towing trailers, novice drivers or other vehicle categories. The lowest applicable limit must be respected.

A default speed limit applies automatically to a particular road type or area when no traffic sign indicates another limit. Examples include general limits for motorways, built-up areas or roads outside built-up areas.

Usually, yes. A legally placed speed-limit sign normally introduces another maximum speed, although lower vehicle-specific or special-road limits may continue to apply.

A speed restriction normally begins at the location of the sign. Drivers should reduce their speed before passing the sign so that they are already travelling within the limit when it takes effect.

A signed limit may end at an intersection, an end-of-limit sign, another speed-limit sign or the beginning or end of a legally defined area. The exact rule differs between countries.

This depends on local law. An ordinary speed restriction may end at an intersection in some countries, while a zonal speed limit normally continues across intersections until an end-of-zone sign.

A speed zone is an area in which the displayed maximum speed applies throughout all included roads. The limit normally remains in force until the corresponding end-of-zone sign.

A variable speed limit is displayed on an electronic or changeable sign and may be adjusted according to congestion, weather, incidents or roadworks. When activated, it has the same legal importance as another applicable regulatory speed sign.

Yes. Signs positioned above individual lanes may impose different limits on those lanes. Drivers must observe the limit applying to the lane they use.

Yes. Temporary limits may be introduced near roadworks, collisions, hazards or special events. Drivers must follow the temporary traffic signs and instructions that are legally in force.

No. Overtaking does not normally permit a driver to exceed the applicable maximum speed. The manoeuvre must be completed safely while respecting the speed limit.

Some countries impose specific lower limits in rain, snow or other conditions. Even where the numerical limit does not change, drivers must reduce their speed sufficiently for the conditions.

A bike path may be identified by a bicycle traffic sign, bicycle symbols, coloured surfacing or road markings. It may run beside the carriageway or follow a completely separate route.

Not always. A bike lane is normally marked directly on or beside the carriageway, while a bike path may be physically separated from motor traffic. The terminology and legal distinction vary between countries.

This depends on local law and the signs displayed. Some bike paths are mandatory, while others are optional. Cyclists may also be permitted to leave a path to turn, overtake or avoid an obstruction.

Yes. Some bike paths are two-way, but others may be used only in the direction indicated by signs, markings or their position beside the road. Cyclists should not assume that every path permits travel in both directions.

Pedestrians may use a bike path where it is designated as a shared-use path or where local law permits it. On a cycle-only path, pedestrians may be prohibited or permitted only when no suitable pedestrian facility is available.

This depends on the country, vehicle category, road speed and traffic signs. Some bike paths permit or require certain mopeds or speed pedelecs, while others are reserved exclusively for ordinary bicycles.

Normally not. Motor vehicles may cross a bike path to enter another road or property where this is permitted, but they must follow the applicable priority rules and must not endanger path users.

Priority depends on the road layout, signs, signals and local law. Drivers crossing a continuous bike path commonly have to give way to its users, but cyclists approaching a separate cycle crossing may not automatically have priority before entering it.

No. A marked cycle crossing does not universally give an approaching cyclist priority. Cyclists should enter cautiously and observe approaching traffic unless signs, signals or local rules clearly give them priority.

Some countries or local authorities impose specific limits, particularly on shared paths. Even without a posted limit, cyclists must travel at a safe and considerate speed for the width, visibility and number of other users.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on a bike path can force cyclists into motor traffic and may be expressly prohibited by law.

Reduce speed, give a clear warning where appropriate and leave sufficient space. Pedestrians may change direction unexpectedly, especially on a shared path.

Slow down and check surrounding traffic before leaving the path. Avoid the obstruction safely and return to the bike path when permitted and practical.

This depends on local law and the available width. Even where riding side by side is permitted, cyclists must not block, endanger or unnecessarily hinder other path users.

A bike path is intended primarily or exclusively for cycling. A shared-use path is legally intended for cyclists together with pedestrians or other indicated road users, who must use the space considerately.

A bus stop is a designated location where buses stop so that passengers can board or leave the vehicle.

Watch for buses entering or leaving the stop, passengers near the roadway and pedestrians who may cross the road.

Parking or stopping at or near a bus stop is often restricted or prohibited so that buses can reach the stop safely. The exact restrictions depend on local traffic rules.

A dead-end road is a road that provides no through route for some or all vehicles. Traffic entering it normally has to return by the same route.

A dead end may be indicated by a blue rectangular sign showing a road blocked at one end. The exact colour, design and symbol vary between countries.

Normally not. It generally provides information rather than prohibiting access. Drivers may enter to reach a destination unless another sign restricts entry.

No. A dead-end sign warns that the road does not continue as a through route. A no-entry sign prohibits drivers from entering in the indicated direction.

No. It may end at a wall, gate, turning area or private property, or it may continue as a narrower path that motor vehicles cannot use.

Sometimes. A separate symbol, sign or visible path may indicate that pedestrians can continue beyond the point where motor traffic ends.

Sometimes. A sign may indicate a through route for cyclists, but cyclists must still follow any access, direction and path-use rules that apply.

No. The normal road, zonal or posted speed limit remains applicable. Drivers should nevertheless reduce speed when space, visibility or nearby pedestrians require it.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules continue to apply.

Not solely because the road is a dead end. Priority depends on the signs, road surface, road category and local priority rules.

A driver may turn around where the manoeuvre is legal, safe and does not obstruct other road users. Local signs or road markings may prohibit it.

Reverse only when necessary and when the route is clear. Give way to all other road users and avoid reversing for a long distance where a safer turning place is available.

A driver performing a turning or reversing manoeuvre must normally give way to other road users.

The dead-end sign itself does not normally prohibit parking. Drivers must follow the ordinary parking rules and must not block entrances, pedestrian routes, emergency access or turning areas.

Only where parking is permitted and sufficient room remains for other vehicles to turn. Blocking the turning area can force vehicles to reverse for an unsafe distance.

Trucks, buses and vehicles towing trailers may not have enough space to turn around. Drivers should check the route and any length, width, weight or access restrictions before entering.

Yes. Emergency and service vehicles may need access to properties within it. Other vehicles should not block the road or its turning space.

Continue cautiously to a suitable turning place. Turn around or reverse only after checking carefully for pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles and other obstacles.

No. Temporary closures, private access, gates, roadworks or outdated navigation information may still prevent passage. Drivers must observe the actual road and signs.

A stop sign requires a driver to come to a complete stop and give way before proceeding.

A stop sign is commonly a red octagonal sign displaying the word STOP. Some countries use another legally recognised design, so drivers must learn the signs used locally.

Yes. The obligation to stop applies even when the road appears completely clear.

A complete stop means that the vehicle has ceased moving entirely. Merely slowing down or allowing the vehicle to continue rolling does not satisfy the requirement.

Stop before the stop line where one is provided. Without a line, stop at the legally prescribed position before entering the intersection, crossing or priority road.

No. The required first stop must be made before the line. If visibility is limited, move forward cautiously after stopping and stop again where necessary before proceeding.

Yes. Each driver must make an individual complete stop. Following another vehicle through without stopping is not permitted.

No. After stopping, you must continue to give way to all road users who have priority.

Give way to traffic on the road being entered or crossed and to pedestrians, cyclists or other road users who have priority under the applicable rules.

A stop sign always requires a complete stop. A give-way sign requires the driver to yield but normally allows continued movement when the road is clearly free.

Yes. After stopping and giving way, you may turn in any direction permitted by signs, signals, lane arrows and road markings.

This depends entirely on local law and traffic signs. A stop sign does not by itself permit a turn against a red light.

No. It imposes a stopping and yielding obligation. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable before and after the intersection.

In many countries, cyclists are drivers and must stop unless a specific sign or local rule provides an exception.

The order in which drivers may proceed depends on local rules, commonly involving arrival order, vehicle position and turning direction. Drivers should communicate cautiously and never assume another driver will yield.

Apply the local priority rule and proceed only when the intentions of the other driver are clear. Avoid forcing the other vehicle to brake or change direction.

Where functioning traffic lights control the same movement, they commonly take precedence over the stop sign. Local rules determine what applies when the lights are switched off or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary priority rules.

Yes. A correctly placed temporary stop sign at roadworks, an event or another temporary traffic arrangement must be obeyed.

If you recognise that a stop sign applies, reduce speed and obey it. Report damaged, obscured or missing signs to the responsible road authority where appropriate.

A roundabout is a circular road arrangement where traffic travels in one direction around a central island before leaving through the chosen exit.

A roundabout is normally identified by a circular-direction sign, a central island and entry roads controlled by signs, markings or local priority rules.

The direction depends on the country’s driving side. Traffic normally travels anticlockwise in right-hand-traffic countries and clockwise in left-hand-traffic countries.

Priority differs between countries and roundabout designs. Entering traffic commonly gives way to traffic already circulating, but drivers must always follow the actual priority signs and signals.

Not always. Stop when required by a stop sign, traffic light or approaching priority traffic. Otherwise, reduce speed and enter only when there is a safe gap.

No. The sign arrangement depends on local law. Some circular intersections use ordinary priority rules or traffic lights instead.

Reduce speed, observe the signs and markings, choose the appropriate lane and check for pedestrians, cyclists and circulating traffic.

Follow the lane arrows and destination signs. As a general guide, use the lane appropriate for your exit, but exact lane-selection rules differ between countries and roundabout layouts.

Yes, where the road layout and local rules permit it. Before leaving, change lanes safely and give way to road users already travelling in the lane you wish to enter.

This depends on local law. Some countries require a signal for particular exits, while others require no signal when entering.

Usually, yes. Signal in the direction of the exit early enough to inform other road users, but not so early that your intention becomes misleading.

No. A direction indicator communicates your intention but does not permit you to force another road user to brake or change direction.

Only when the lane markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Check mirrors and blind spots, signal where required and give way to traffic already in the target lane.

Continue around the roundabout and approach the exit again. Do not stop, reverse or cut suddenly across another lane.

Normally not. Some small roundabouts have a mountable central section intended only for vehicles that cannot otherwise negotiate the road safely.

Priority depends on whether cyclists use the carriageway, a continuing bike path or a separate cycle crossing. Drivers and cyclists must follow the signs, markings and local priority rules.

Check mirrors and blind spots for cyclists, mopeds, motorcycles and vehicles beside you. Also check for pedestrians crossing the exit road.

Pedestrian priority depends on crossings and local law. Drivers should approach exits slowly and be prepared to yield to pedestrians crossing or about to cross.

Not universally. The posted or general road limit applies, but drivers must travel slowly enough to negotiate the roundabout safely.

Passing another vehicle may be permitted on a multilane roundabout, but drivers must remain within their lane and avoid unsafe lane changes. Local overtaking restrictions may apply.

Follow local signs and parking rules. Stopping or parking on the circulating roadway is commonly prohibited or unsafe because it obstructs traffic and reduces visibility.

No. A circular junction may be governed by traffic lights, ordinary priority rules or another road design. Its legal status depends on its signs and local definition.

A railway crossing is a place where a road or path crosses railway tracks at the same level.

It may also be called a level crossing or, particularly in North America, a railroad crossing.

It may be indicated by warning signs, crossbuck signs, barriers, flashing lights, bells or road markings. The design differs between countries.

A protected crossing uses full or partial barriers to block road traffic when a train approaches. A crossing without barriers relies on signs, lights, bells or the road user’s own observation.

Not necessarily. You must stop when required by lights, barriers, signs, an approaching train or an authorised person. At an unprotected crossing, slow down and proceed only after checking that no train is approaching.

Flashing red lights mean stop and do not enter the crossing. Remain stopped until the signal permits you to continue.

No. Do not enter while a barrier is lowering, rising or closed. Wait until the crossing is fully open and all prohibiting signals have stopped.

No. Never drive, cycle or walk around or underneath a closed or moving barrier.

A warning bell or audible signal normally means that the crossing is closing or that a train is approaching. Do not enter the crossing while it is sounding.

In some countries, a flashing white light indicates that the crossing equipment is operating and road users may pass when the route is clear. Its exact meaning depends on local law.

Reduce speed, look and listen carefully in both directions and cross only after making sure that no train or other rail vehicle is approaching.

Not automatically. Another train may approach on a second track. Wait until all warning signals stop and the crossing is fully open.

Do not enter the crossing unless there is enough room beyond the tracks for your entire vehicle. Never rely on traffic moving before a train arrives.

No. Railway tracks must always remain clear. Do not stop because of congestion, traffic lights or another obstruction beyond the crossing.

Overtaking is often prohibited or restricted because another vehicle can obstruct the view of an approaching train or warning signal. Follow local signs and overtaking rules.

No. Stopping or parking on the tracks creates an immediate and potentially fatal danger.

Yes. Pedestrians and cyclists must obey barriers, lights, bells and authorised personnel in the same way as other road users.

Where possible, cross the rails at an angle close to 90 degrees. Rails can trap a bicycle wheel, especially when they are wet or cross the road diagonally.

Make sure the entire vehicle and any trailer can clear the crossing without stopping. Consider the available space, road gradient, turning room and traffic beyond the tracks.

Observe all height restrictions and warning signs. Electrified railway lines may have overhead equipment that can be struck by an excessively high vehicle or load.

Treat the crossing with extreme caution. Do not assume that no train is approaching merely because the lights or barriers are not operating.

Evacuate everyone immediately, move well away from the railway and contact the emergency services or railway operator. Do not remain in the vehicle or return for belongings.

Not always. A railway crossing normally crosses tracks that are separate from the carriageway, while tram or street-running railway tracks may form part of the road itself.

It requires drivers to follow the direction or one of the directions shown by the arrow or arrows.

It is commonly a blue circular sign with one or more white arrows. Colours and designs may differ in some countries.

It normally means that drivers must continue straight ahead and may not turn in another direction at that location.

It normally requires drivers to turn or proceed in the direction shown by the arrow.

Drivers may choose one of the displayed directions. Any direction not shown is prohibited.

It requires drivers to pass the traffic island, barrier, roadworks equipment or other obstruction on the side indicated by the arrow.

No. A mandatory-direction sign prescribes a movement at a particular location. A one-way sign indicates the permitted direction along a road or carriageway.

No. A mandatory sign states which direction must be followed, while a prohibition sign states which movement is forbidden. Both may produce a similar practical result.

No. Drivers must follow the applicable general, zonal or posted speed limit and reduce speed when necessary to complete the required movement safely.

No. You must still obey traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary rules concerning oncoming traffic, pedestrians, cyclists and other road users.

It normally applies at the sign, intersection or obstacle associated with it. An advance sign may indicate that the obligation begins farther ahead.

Yes. When it is positioned above a particular lane or clearly associated with that lane, it normally applies only to traffic using that lane.

Yes. Lane arrows may require drivers to use a particular lane and follow one of the directions displayed within that lane.

Yes, when the required movement involves turning or changing position and local law requires signalling. The sign does not replace the obligation to indicate.

No. An indicator communicates your intention but does not allow you to force another road user to brake or change direction.

Not when doing so would conflict with the mandatory direction or another prohibition. Drivers must follow the permitted route shown by the signs and markings.

No. Reversing must not be used to evade a mandatory direction. Continue along a lawful route and turn around later where permitted.

Cyclists are normally treated as drivers and must obey the sign unless a supplementary panel or local rule expressly exempts them.

Yes. Supplementary signs may exempt or separately regulate cyclists, public transport or other specified categories where local law permits this.

Do not enter a closed or unsafe route. Stop where safe and follow temporary signs, traffic lights or instructions from authorised personnel.

Not normally. Traffic lights determine when traffic may proceed, while the mandatory-direction sign determines which movement is permitted.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary traffic rules.

Yes. Properly placed temporary signs at roadworks, incidents or events must be obeyed.

It requires vehicles carrying specified dangerous goods to follow a designated route suitable for their cargo and any applicable tunnel restrictions.

The obligation is normally completed after the driver has followed the required direction at the intersection or passed the obstacle on the indicated side.

A school area is a road or group of roads near a school where drivers should expect large numbers of children, pedestrians, cyclists and stopping vehicles.

It may be identified by school warning signs, speed-zone signs, flashing lights, road markings, coloured surfacing or traffic-calming measures. The signs differ between countries.

No. Special school-area rules normally apply only where signs, signals or local legislation establish them.

There is no universal school-area speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, region, signs and whether a variable restriction is active.

Some limits apply permanently, while others apply only during displayed times or when flashing or variable signs are active. Drivers must observe the actual sign arrangement.

Yes, when necessary. The displayed speed is a maximum. Children, congestion, poor visibility or vehicles stopping near the school may require a much lower speed.

Children may have difficulty judging speed and distance, may be hidden by parked vehicles and may enter the road unexpectedly.

Reduce speed early, increase your observation and be prepared for children crossing, cyclists changing direction, vehicle doors opening and cars stopping suddenly.

No. Priority depends on crossings, traffic lights, authorised crossing supervisors and local rules. Drivers must nevertheless take exceptional care to avoid endangering children.

Yes. Drivers and other road users must follow lawful instructions given by an authorised person controlling traffic for children.

This depends on local pedestrian rules. Drivers should remain prepared for children to cross unexpectedly, even where they are required to use a nearby crossing.

Not by itself. A school warning sign alerts drivers to children but does not normally create the legal effect of a pedestrian crossing.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules remain applicable unless another traffic arrangement provides otherwise.

Overtaking may be restricted by signs or local law. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when children, crossings, limited visibility or stopped vehicles make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Only where stopping is permitted and can be completed safely. Do not stop on a crossing, pavement, bike path, bus stop or another prohibited or dangerous location.

Follow the parking signs and markings. Do not block entrances, pavements, bike paths, crossings, visibility or access for buses and emergency vehicles.

It blocks traffic and visibility and may force children to walk between moving vehicles or enter the road from behind an obstruction.

Expect children to enter or leave the vehicle and possibly cross the road. Reduce speed and follow any special warning lights, signs or local school-bus rules.

Normally, yes. They must follow the applicable road, bike-path, speed and priority rules. Drivers should expect inexperienced young cyclists.

No. A school area normally remains open to traffic under special caution or speed rules. A school street temporarily restricts or excludes motor traffic during specified periods.

Not universally. A school area may form part of a Zone 30, use another speed limit or have a variable restriction that applies only at particular times.

They normally end at an end sign, at the end of the stated time period or when the variable signal is no longer active. The surrounding road rules then apply.

In right-hand traffic countries, overtaking normally takes place on the left. In left-hand traffic countries, it normally takes place on the right. National rules can provide exceptions in particular situations.

Make sure there is sufficient visibility and space, check mirrors and blind spots, ensure that nobody behind has already started overtaking and confirm that you can safely return to your normal position after passing.

Do not overtake where signs or road markings prohibit it or where visibility, approaching traffic, intersections, crossings, bends, hills or other conditions make the manoeuvre unsafe.

It warns that animals may enter or cross the road in the area ahead.

Depending on the symbol and local conditions, it may refer to deer, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wild boar or other animals.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign displaying the silhouette of an animal. The species shown may indicate the type of animal most likely to be encountered.

No. It indicates an increased likelihood of animals crossing, not that animals will be present every time.

No. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable, but drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No automatic priority is created by the warning sign. Drivers must nevertheless avoid danger and allow animals already on the road to pass safely.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and scan the road, verges, fields and vegetation for movement or reflected eyes.

Animal activity is often greater around dawn, dusk and darkness, although animals may cross at any time.

Many animals travel in groups. When one animal crosses, others may follow immediately from the same direction.

Avoid unnecessary horn use or engine revving because it may frighten an animal and make its movement less predictable. Use a warning only when reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Use the appropriate lights without dazzling other road users. When an animal is visible, reduce speed and avoid relying on full beam to make it move away.

Slow down smoothly, stop when necessary and allow it enough time and space to leave. Avoid sudden acceleration or aggressive steering.

Avoid an uncontrolled swerve that could cause a collision with another vehicle, tree, barrier, cyclist or pedestrian. Brake firmly while maintaining control and steer only when a safe escape path is clearly available.

Pass only when the animals and their handlers have sufficient space. Drive slowly, avoid noise and be prepared for an animal to change direction unexpectedly.

Reduce speed, leave a large lateral distance and pass quietly. Avoid sounding the horn, accelerating sharply or passing when oncoming traffic prevents sufficient clearance.

Follow lawful instructions from an authorised person and cooperate with handlers controlling animals on or across the road.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but overtaking should be avoided when animals, limited visibility or approaching traffic make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Maintain enough following distance to see beyond the vehicle ahead. Be prepared for it to brake suddenly when an animal enters the road.

Reduce speed, keep both hands firmly in control and avoid sudden movements. Animals may react unexpectedly to quiet or fast-approaching two-wheeled vehicles.

Stop safely, activate the hazard warning lights and check for injured people. Contact the emergency services or police when necessary and do not approach a wounded wild animal, which may defend itself.

Normally not. Keep a safe distance and allow the police, wildlife authorities or an animal-rescue service to handle it.

Yes. Drivers remain responsible for observing the road and adjusting their speed even where no animal warning sign is displayed.

Wrong-way driving means travelling against the legally permitted direction of traffic.

It can occur on one-way streets, divided roads, motorways, slip roads, tunnels, car parks and temporary traffic arrangements.

Other drivers do not expect approaching traffic in their lane, and the combined speeds can make a head-on collision extremely severe.

Look for no-entry signs, one-way signs, mandatory-direction signs, lane arrows and road markings. Motorway exits may also have repeated signs or warning systems facing the wrong direction.

Entering past a no-entry sign can cause wrong-way driving, but the term also covers turning around on a divided road or using the wrong carriageway without passing such a sign.

Normally, yes. However, signs may expressly permit certain road users, such as cyclists or public transport, to travel in the opposite direction.

No. A cyclist, bus or other road user travelling in an expressly authorised contraflow lane or direction is using the road legally.

Yes. Temporary signs, barriers, lane signals and markings may redirect traffic onto another lane or carriageway. Follow the temporary arrangement rather than the usual road layout.

Reduce speed immediately, keep as far as safely possible towards the outer edge of your carriageway and avoid sudden lane changes. Warn the police or emergency services as soon as this can be done safely.

No. Do not block, chase or turn after the vehicle. Protect yourself and allow trained emergency services to intervene.

A brief warning may help the driver recognise the error, but avoid prolonged or aggressive signalling that could cause panic or an unpredictable manoeuvre.

Use the horn only when reasonably necessary to warn of immediate danger. Your first priority is to reduce speed and create as much safe space as possible.

Normally not. Sudden stopping may cause a rear-end collision. Slow down and move towards a safe shoulder, refuge or other protected location where possible.

Reduce speed, stop overtaking, increase your following distance and remain in the lane or position recommended by the local authorities or warning system.

Avoid unnecessary use of lanes nearest opposing or central traffic when a wrong-way driver has been reported. Follow local emergency guidance and electronic signs.

Slow down immediately, activate the hazard warning lights and use dipped headlights where required. Move to the safest available edge or shoulder and stop.

No. Increasing speed greatly increases the collision risk. Stop safely and wait for instructions from the police.

No. Do not turn across live lanes, cross a central reservation or attempt to correct the mistake through another dangerous manoeuvre.

No. Reversing against traffic or along a motorway slip road creates additional danger. Stop safely and contact the emergency services.

This depends on the location and immediate danger. Remain protected from moving traffic and follow instructions from the emergency services. Do not stand in a live lane.

Stop safely before using a handheld phone. A passenger may call while the vehicle is moving when local law permits and this can be done without distracting the driver.

Report the road name or number, direction, nearby exit or landmark, vehicle description and the wrong-way driver’s approximate location and direction.

Possible causes include confusion at junctions, poor visibility, unfamiliar roads, impairment, navigation errors, turning around illegally or deliberately ignoring traffic signs.

Slow down at unfamiliar junctions, read signs before turning, verify the road layout and do not rely exclusively on navigation instructions.

No. Traffic signs, signals, markings and instructions from authorised persons always take precedence over navigation guidance.

Traffic lights are signals that use coloured lights, arrows or road-user symbols to regulate traffic movements.

A red light requires road users to stop before the stop line or signal and remain stopped until movement is permitted.

A steady amber light normally requires drivers to stop unless they are already too close to stop safely. It warns that the signal is changing to red.

A green light permits road users to pass the signal, but only when the route is clear and the intended movement is otherwise legal.

No. You may still have to give way to pedestrians, cyclists, oncoming traffic or other road users when turning or following a conditional arrow.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave you stopped inside the intersection and obstructing crossing traffic.

Stop before the stop line. When no stop line is provided, stop before the traffic light or at another legally prescribed position.

No. The required stop must normally be completed before the stop line. Do not stop on a pedestrian or cycle crossing.

Stop when this can be done safely. Continue only when you are already too close to stop without creating danger.

No. Do not accelerate to avoid stopping. Maintain control and stop unless doing so safely is no longer possible.

They have the same general meaning as circular lights, but the prohibition or permission applies only to the direction shown by the arrow.

It may permit travel in the indicated direction while other movements remain prohibited. Drivers may still have to give way to conflicting traffic and pedestrians.

Not universally. Drivers must follow the complete local sign arrangement. A traffic signal does not necessarily cancel a separate regulatory prohibition.

Only where local law or a specific sign or signal expressly permits it. There is no universal right to turn on red.

It warns of a potential hazard and normally allows cautious passage. The ordinary priority arrangement remains applicable.

Reduce speed, observe the intersection carefully and follow the applicable priority signs or default priority rules.

Its meaning depends on local law. At railway crossings and some movable bridges, flashing red lights normally require road users to stop.

A red cross normally closes the lane, a green downward arrow opens it and an amber diagonal arrow instructs drivers to leave the lane in the indicated direction.

No. Move out of the lane safely before reaching the red cross unless an authorised person or emergency rule directs otherwise.

It warns that the lane is closing or unavailable ahead. Drivers must move into the adjacent lane indicated by the arrow when safe.

Yes. A signal displaying a bicycle symbol applies to the road users legally covered by that signal rather than to general motor traffic.

Yes. Pedestrian lights normally use red and green human figures to indicate whether pedestrians may begin crossing.

It normally warns that the crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should wait for the next green signal.

A person who entered lawfully should continue without unnecessary delay. Turning drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

Yes. Public-transport signals may use bars, circles, triangles or other symbols that apply only to authorised service vehicles.

They commonly replace the priority arrangement at that location. Priority signs may apply again when the normal signals are inactive or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over lights, signs, markings and ordinary rules.

Reduce speed and follow the priority signs, temporary signals, authorised personnel or default priority rules that apply.

Yes, when you entered lawfully and must leave the intersection. Complete the movement cautiously without endangering other road users.

No. Drivers may proceed but must continue at a safe and legal speed.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a driver temporarily stopped in traffic is still considered to be driving and may not use a handheld device.

A traffic mirror is a convex roadside mirror that helps road users see around an obstruction or into a road with limited visibility.

They may be placed near intersections, narrow roads, bends, car-park exits, private driveways, tunnels or other locations where buildings, vegetation or road geometry obstruct the view.

A convex surface provides a wider field of view than a flat mirror, allowing more of the approaching road to be seen.

No. The reflected image is distorted, and objects normally appear smaller and farther away than they really are.

Not reliably. The curved image makes it difficult to estimate how fast another road user is approaching.

No. Distance can appear greater than it really is, so an approaching vehicle may reach the intersection sooner than expected.

Yes. Its position and viewing angle may leave parts of the road outside the reflected image. Small cyclists, motorcycles or pedestrians may also be difficult to notice.

No. It does not change priority. Drivers must continue to follow stop signs, give-way signs, traffic lights and the ordinary priority rules.

No. Another road user may be outside the reflected area, hidden by glare or too small to notice. Always check the road directly before proceeding.

Yes. The mirror does not replace the mandatory complete stop. Stop at the prescribed position, then use direct observation and the mirror as additional information.

Yes. You may proceed only when traffic with priority can continue without being forced to brake, stop or change direction.

Approach slowly, stop when required and scan the mirror for movement. Then look directly in both directions and continue only after confirming that the road is clear.

No. Alternate between the mirror and direct observation. The mirror should supplement rather than replace normal checks.

Yes. Rain, water droplets and spray may blur or partially obscure the reflected image.

Yes. Dew, condensation, frost, ice or snow may make the mirror difficult or impossible to use.

Yes. Sunlight may create glare or reflections that hide approaching road users.

Yes. Reflected headlights may make it difficult to determine the exact direction, distance or speed of an approaching vehicle.

Yes. Wind, impacts, vandalism, vibration or temperature changes may alter its orientation and make the reflected view inaccurate.

Do not rely on it. Proceed with additional caution and report the defect to the responsible road authority or property owner.

No. The applicable road or posted speed limit remains in force, but restricted visibility normally requires a lower approach speed.

No. Use the horn only where local law permits it and a warning is reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Yes. It may help them observe approaching traffic, but they must also look directly and follow the applicable crossing and priority rules.

A mirror may generally be installed on private property with the owner’s permission, subject to local rules. Installing one on, above or beside a public road normally requires permission from the road authority.

No. Removing vegetation, relocating parking, improving the intersection layout or changing traffic circulation may provide a safer and more reliable solution.

An international border is the legal boundary between two countries.

It may be identified by a country-name sign, national or regional symbols, flags, border posts, customs facilities or passport-control signs.

No. Borders may be marked differently, and some minor roads or open-border areas may have only a small identification sign or boundary marker.

Not normally. Stop only when required by traffic lights, barriers, officers, customs signs, passport controls or another instruction.

The new country’s traffic laws apply from the international boundary, not merely from the next town or major intersection.

No. The rules change because you have entered another country. The sign identifies that change of jurisdiction.

Yes. Where neighbouring countries use different driving sides, a specially designed road arrangement guides traffic safely from one side to the other.

Yes. The destination country may have different general limits for motorways, built-up areas, rural roads and particular vehicle categories.

No. Drivers must learn the destination country’s general limits and obey any regulatory signs displayed after crossing.

Yes. Colours, symbols, shapes and road-marking conventions may differ, even when neighbouring countries follow similar international standards.

Yes. Requirements concerning safety vests, warning triangles, winter tyres, lights, toll equipment or environmental stickers may differ between countries.

Depending on the journey, drivers may need a passport or identity card, driving licence, vehicle-registration document, insurance evidence, visa or customs documents.

No. Border or immigration control concerns people and travel documents. Customs control principally concerns goods, cargo, money and applicable duties or restrictions.

Yes. Both may operate at the same border facility even though they perform different legal functions.

No. Countries participating in an open-border area may normally cross internal borders without routine checks, although temporary controls may still be introduced.

No. Countries within a customs union may allow goods to move across their internal borders without ordinary customs duties or routine customs formalities.

No. Police, customs and other authorities may still conduct lawful checks, enforce national rules and temporarily control the border where permitted.

Only where local law permits it. External or controlled borders may have to be crossed through an authorised border-crossing point during its operating hours.

Yes. Closures or restrictions may result from security measures, emergencies, severe weather, roadworks or administrative decisions.

Yes. A crossing may restrict heavy vehicles, dangerous goods, agricultural traffic, pedestrians or cyclists because of road design or border-control facilities.

Yes. Commercial goods, restricted products, goods exceeding personal allowances and certain amounts of cash may require declaration.

They may. The destination country may use toll roads, vignettes, distance-based charges, low-emission zones or other payment systems.

No. Navigation information may not include current border controls, vehicle restrictions or document requirements. Follow official signs and instructions.

Check the destination and transit countries’ traffic rules, required documents, insurance, vehicle equipment, tolls and border or customs requirements.

Yes. Follow lawful instructions from authorised border, police and customs officers, even when they temporarily differ from the normal traffic arrangement.

Parking generally means leaving a vehicle stationary for longer than a brief stop required for passengers, loading or unloading. A vehicle stopped because of traffic lights, congestion, an emergency or another traffic condition is normally not considered parked. The precise legal definitions vary between countries.

Look for parking signs, prohibition signs, road markings and parking-zone signs. Local rules may also permit parking along certain roads even when individual parking spaces are not marked.

No. General traffic rules can prohibit parking even when no specific prohibition sign is present. Common examples include locations where a parked vehicle would obstruct visibility, crossings, intersections, cycle facilities or the movement of other traffic.

Parking on a pavement or sidewalk is prohibited or restricted in many countries unless signs or markings specifically allow it. Vehicles must not force pedestrians into the roadway or block an accessible pedestrian route.

Parking on or close to a pedestrian crossing is generally restricted because a vehicle can hide pedestrians from approaching drivers. The required clearance distance varies between countries.

Many countries prohibit parking within a specified distance of an intersection because parked vehicles can reduce visibility and obstruct turning traffic. Follow the local distance requirements and any signs or markings.

A parking sign identifies a place or area where parking is permitted or regulated. Additional signs or panels may specify time limits, payment requirements, vehicle categories, permits or particular parking arrangements.

Where parking is subject to payment, drivers must follow the instructions displayed locally. Payment may be made through a parking meter, ticket machine, mobile application or another authorised system. The permitted duration and charging periods vary by location.

Spaces marked for people with disabilities are reserved for vehicles displaying or registered with the required disability parking permit. Eligibility, permit display requirements and parking privileges depend on national and local law.

Not necessarily. Local rules may impose a maximum parking duration, even where parking is otherwise permitted. Different limits may apply to abandoned, commercial, heavy or recreational vehicles.

A no-parking sign prohibits leaving a vehicle parked in the area or along the section of road to which the restriction applies. The exact legal definition of parking and the extent of the prohibition vary between countries.

No. A no-parking restriction commonly still permits certain brief stops, such as picking up or dropping off passengers or loading or unloading goods. A no-stopping restriction is stricter and generally prohibits voluntary stopping as well as parking.

Remaining inside the vehicle does not necessarily mean that it is not parked. If the vehicle remains stationary beyond what local law permits as a brief stop, it may legally be considered parked even when the driver stays inside.

Often yes, if stopping is permitted and the vehicle remains there only as long as reasonably necessary for passengers to get in or out. Local rules may impose stricter restrictions at particular locations.

In many countries, genuine loading or unloading is treated as stopping rather than parking and may therefore be permitted. The vehicle should remain there only for the time reasonably necessary for the activity.

This depends on the country's signing rules. The restriction may continue to the next intersection, an end sign, a stated distance or the end of a designated zone. Supplementary arrows or distance panels may indicate its exact extent.

Usually a roadside no-parking sign applies only to the side of the road on which it is placed, unless it forms part of a zonal restriction or local signs indicate otherwise.

Yes. A supplementary panel may restrict the prohibition to particular hours, days or periods. Outside those periods, parking may be permitted if no other rule prohibits it.

Yes. Additional signs or symbols may make a parking restriction applicable to particular vehicle categories, such as heavy vehicles, motorcycles or other specified vehicles.

Only if parking is otherwise legal. The end of a specific no-parking restriction does not override general parking prohibitions near crossings, intersections, driveways, traffic signs or other protected locations.

Disabled parking spaces are intended for eligible people who hold a valid disabled parking permit or card. The exact eligibility requirements and permit system depend on the country.

Generally no. Disabled parking permits are normally personal and may only be used when the permit holder is driving or travelling in the vehicle.

No. A permit may provide access to reserved spaces or exemptions from certain parking restrictions, but rules concerning parking charges and time limits vary between countries and local authorities.

Check behind and around the vehicle for pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles and obstacles. Use mirrors and cameras where available, but also look directly because monitoring systems can have blind spots.

In many countries, reversing is treated as a manoeuvre and the reversing driver must give way to other road users. The exact legal requirements depend on national traffic rules.

No. Reversing should normally be limited to the distance necessary to complete the manoeuvre safely. Driving forward generally provides better visibility and vehicle control.

A tourist attraction is a place that visitors travel to because of its cultural, historical, natural, recreational or entertainment value.

Examples include monuments, castles, museums, scenic locations, cultural sites, amusement parks and recreational destinations.

Yes. Many countries use tourist or direction signs to guide travellers toward important attractions and places of interest.

A licence plate is a plate displaying the registration identifier assigned to a vehicle. It allows authorities and other authorised systems to identify the vehicle's registration.

Yes. Licence plate, registration plate and number plate are different terms commonly used for the plate displaying a vehicle's official registration number.

Most motor vehicles used on public roads must display one or more registration plates, but requirements differ for motorcycles, trailers, agricultural vehicles and other special vehicle categories.

This depends on the country and vehicle type. Cars commonly require front and rear plates, while motorcycles and certain other vehicles may require only a rear plate.

Yes. A required registration plate must normally remain clearly visible and readable. It should not be hidden by luggage, dirt, accessories or other objects.

Generally no. Changing the characters, colours, dimensions or appearance of an official plate may make it invalid or illegal. Plates and authorised reproductions must comply with local specifications.

Follow the local reporting and replacement procedure. Many countries require the loss or theft to be reported to the police or vehicle-registration authority before a replacement plate can be issued.

A plate must remain legible and compliant with local requirements. If damage prevents it from being read or makes it invalid, it should be replaced according to the local registration procedure.

Some countries allow motorists to request a personalised registration combination. The available characters, formats and prohibited combinations are determined by the registration authority.

This varies between countries. In some systems the plate remains with the vehicle, while in others it remains associated with the registered holder and may be retained or returned when the vehicle is sold.

A charging station is a location where electric vehicles can be connected to an electricity supply to recharge their batteries. A station may contain one or several individual charging points.

Charging stations are intended for vehicles that can be externally charged, such as battery-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The exact vehicle categories permitted may be indicated by local signs or operator conditions.

Not necessarily. A space beside a charger may be reserved for electric vehicles or vehicles that are charging. Drivers must check the signs and markings before parking there.

Not where the parking space is officially reserved for electric vehicles. An ordinary parking space located near a charger may be different, so the applicable signs and markings determine who may park there.

This depends on the local traffic and parking rules. Many charging spaces require the vehicle to be connected to the charger, even if the vehicle itself is electric.

Charging may be free or subject to payment. The price and payment method are determined by the charging operator, while separate parking charges may also apply.

Yes. Traffic signs, parking regulations or charging conditions may establish a maximum duration to encourage drivers to move their vehicles and make the charger available to others.

Follow the local parking rules and charging conditions. Some locations require vehicles to leave after charging or impose additional fees or time limits when the charging session has ended.

No. A charging station does not allow a driver to ignore no-parking rules, reserved spaces, time limits or other traffic regulations. The vehicle must still be legally parked.

No. Charging stations can provide different charging powers. Some are intended for longer parking periods, while high-power chargers can recharge compatible vehicles much more quickly.