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A speed limit is the maximum legal speed permitted on a road, lane or within a designated area. It does not require drivers to travel at that speed.

A speed limit is commonly displayed as a number on a regulatory traffic sign. General limits may also apply automatically because of the country, road category, vehicle type or surrounding area, even when no speed-limit sign is present.

No. It is the highest speed legally permitted under suitable conditions. Drivers must reduce their speed whenever travelling at the limit would be unsafe.

Yes. Drivers should travel more slowly when required by traffic, weather, visibility, road conditions or nearby vulnerable road users. Driving unnecessarily slowly may nevertheless be prohibited when it obstructs normal traffic.

Not always. Lower limits may apply to heavy vehicles, buses, vehicles towing trailers, novice drivers or other vehicle categories. The lowest applicable limit must be respected.

A default speed limit applies automatically to a particular road type or area when no traffic sign indicates another limit. Examples include general limits for motorways, built-up areas or roads outside built-up areas.

Usually, yes. A legally placed speed-limit sign normally introduces another maximum speed, although lower vehicle-specific or special-road limits may continue to apply.

A speed restriction normally begins at the location of the sign. Drivers should reduce their speed before passing the sign so that they are already travelling within the limit when it takes effect.

A signed limit may end at an intersection, an end-of-limit sign, another speed-limit sign or the beginning or end of a legally defined area. The exact rule differs between countries.

This depends on local law. An ordinary speed restriction may end at an intersection in some countries, while a zonal speed limit normally continues across intersections until an end-of-zone sign.

A speed zone is an area in which the displayed maximum speed applies throughout all included roads. The limit normally remains in force until the corresponding end-of-zone sign.

A variable speed limit is displayed on an electronic or changeable sign and may be adjusted according to congestion, weather, incidents or roadworks. When activated, it has the same legal importance as another applicable regulatory speed sign.

Yes. Signs positioned above individual lanes may impose different limits on those lanes. Drivers must observe the limit applying to the lane they use.

Yes. Temporary limits may be introduced near roadworks, collisions, hazards or special events. Drivers must follow the temporary traffic signs and instructions that are legally in force.

No. Overtaking does not normally permit a driver to exceed the applicable maximum speed. The manoeuvre must be completed safely while respecting the speed limit.

Some countries impose specific lower limits in rain, snow or other conditions. Even where the numerical limit does not change, drivers must reduce their speed sufficiently for the conditions.

A toll road is a road or section of road for which a charge must be paid to use it. Tolls may also apply to particular bridges, tunnels or other road infrastructure.

Depending on the country, tolls may be paid at a toll booth, through an electronic toll system, vignette or distance-based charging system.

Not necessarily. Toll rates can vary according to vehicle type, size, weight, emissions, distance travelled or the particular road being used.

A bus stop is a designated location where buses stop so that passengers can board or leave the vehicle.

Watch for buses entering or leaving the stop, passengers near the roadway and pedestrians who may cross the road.

Parking or stopping at or near a bus stop is often restricted or prohibited so that buses can reach the stop safely. The exact restrictions depend on local traffic rules.

A stop sign requires a driver to come to a complete stop and give way before proceeding.

A stop sign is commonly a red octagonal sign displaying the word STOP. Some countries use another legally recognised design, so drivers must learn the signs used locally.

Yes. The obligation to stop applies even when the road appears completely clear.

A complete stop means that the vehicle has ceased moving entirely. Merely slowing down or allowing the vehicle to continue rolling does not satisfy the requirement.

Stop before the stop line where one is provided. Without a line, stop at the legally prescribed position before entering the intersection, crossing or priority road.

No. The required first stop must be made before the line. If visibility is limited, move forward cautiously after stopping and stop again where necessary before proceeding.

Yes. Each driver must make an individual complete stop. Following another vehicle through without stopping is not permitted.

No. After stopping, you must continue to give way to all road users who have priority.

Give way to traffic on the road being entered or crossed and to pedestrians, cyclists or other road users who have priority under the applicable rules.

A stop sign always requires a complete stop. A give-way sign requires the driver to yield but normally allows continued movement when the road is clearly free.

Yes. After stopping and giving way, you may turn in any direction permitted by signs, signals, lane arrows and road markings.

This depends entirely on local law and traffic signs. A stop sign does not by itself permit a turn against a red light.

No. It imposes a stopping and yielding obligation. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable before and after the intersection.

In many countries, cyclists are drivers and must stop unless a specific sign or local rule provides an exception.

The order in which drivers may proceed depends on local rules, commonly involving arrival order, vehicle position and turning direction. Drivers should communicate cautiously and never assume another driver will yield.

Apply the local priority rule and proceed only when the intentions of the other driver are clear. Avoid forcing the other vehicle to brake or change direction.

Where functioning traffic lights control the same movement, they commonly take precedence over the stop sign. Local rules determine what applies when the lights are switched off or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic officer normally take precedence over traffic signs and ordinary priority rules.

Yes. A correctly placed temporary stop sign at roadworks, an event or another temporary traffic arrangement must be obeyed.

If you recognise that a stop sign applies, reduce speed and obey it. Report damaged, obscured or missing signs to the responsible road authority where appropriate.

A roundabout is a circular road arrangement where traffic travels in one direction around a central island before leaving through the chosen exit.

A roundabout is normally identified by a circular-direction sign, a central island and entry roads controlled by signs, markings or local priority rules.

The direction depends on the country’s driving side. Traffic normally travels anticlockwise in right-hand-traffic countries and clockwise in left-hand-traffic countries.

Priority differs between countries and roundabout designs. Entering traffic commonly gives way to traffic already circulating, but drivers must always follow the actual priority signs and signals.

Not always. Stop when required by a stop sign, traffic light or approaching priority traffic. Otherwise, reduce speed and enter only when there is a safe gap.

No. The sign arrangement depends on local law. Some circular intersections use ordinary priority rules or traffic lights instead.

Reduce speed, observe the signs and markings, choose the appropriate lane and check for pedestrians, cyclists and circulating traffic.

Follow the lane arrows and destination signs. As a general guide, use the lane appropriate for your exit, but exact lane-selection rules differ between countries and roundabout layouts.

Yes, where the road layout and local rules permit it. Before leaving, change lanes safely and give way to road users already travelling in the lane you wish to enter.

This depends on local law. Some countries require a signal for particular exits, while others require no signal when entering.

Usually, yes. Signal in the direction of the exit early enough to inform other road users, but not so early that your intention becomes misleading.

No. A direction indicator communicates your intention but does not permit you to force another road user to brake or change direction.

Only when the lane markings permit it and the manoeuvre can be completed safely. Check mirrors and blind spots, signal where required and give way to traffic already in the target lane.

Continue around the roundabout and approach the exit again. Do not stop, reverse or cut suddenly across another lane.

Normally not. Some small roundabouts have a mountable central section intended only for vehicles that cannot otherwise negotiate the road safely.

Priority depends on whether cyclists use the carriageway, a continuing bike path or a separate cycle crossing. Drivers and cyclists must follow the signs, markings and local priority rules.

Check mirrors and blind spots for cyclists, mopeds, motorcycles and vehicles beside you. Also check for pedestrians crossing the exit road.

Pedestrian priority depends on crossings and local law. Drivers should approach exits slowly and be prepared to yield to pedestrians crossing or about to cross.

Not universally. The posted or general road limit applies, but drivers must travel slowly enough to negotiate the roundabout safely.

Passing another vehicle may be permitted on a multilane roundabout, but drivers must remain within their lane and avoid unsafe lane changes. Local overtaking restrictions may apply.

Follow local signs and parking rules. Stopping or parking on the circulating roadway is commonly prohibited or unsafe because it obstructs traffic and reduces visibility.

No. A circular junction may be governed by traffic lights, ordinary priority rules or another road design. Its legal status depends on its signs and local definition.

A pedestrian crossing is a designated place for pedestrians to cross a road. It may be controlled by traffic lights or operate without signals.

It may be indicated by white road markings, traffic signs, flashing lights, pedestrian signals or a raised crossing. Its appearance varies between countries.

A zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing marked by broad contrasting stripes or rectangles. Not every pedestrian crossing uses this design.

Not universally. Priority depends on local law, traffic signals and whether the pedestrian is already crossing or clearly preparing to cross.

This depends on local law. In many countries, drivers must give way when a pedestrian is clearly intending or preparing to enter the crossing.

Reduce speed, observe both sides of the road and be prepared to stop. Pay particular attention to children, older people and persons with limited mobility.

No. Do not enter when traffic ahead may force you to stop on the crossing and block pedestrians.

Stop before the crossing or before the applicable stop line. Leave the crossing completely clear.

Overtaking may be prohibited, particularly when another vehicle has stopped or slowed for the crossing. Even where no specific prohibition applies, overtaking is unsafe when pedestrians may be hidden from view.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on or immediately before a crossing can obstruct pedestrians and hide them from approaching drivers.

Not by itself. Drivers must respect the applicable speed limit and reduce their speed further when necessary to stop safely.

Yes. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the signals applying to them. Drivers must still allow pedestrians who lawfully started crossing to finish safely.

No. Pedestrians must wait when the pedestrian signal prohibits them from entering the road.

A pedestrian who entered lawfully should continue at a normal pace. Drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a person riding a bicycle is treated as a driver and does not receive pedestrian priority. A cyclist walking beside the bicycle is normally treated as a pedestrian.

Not automatically. A separate cycle crossing, cycle path or combined crossing may be indicated by additional markings or signs.

Some countries require pedestrians to use a crossing when one is located within a specified distance. Other countries allow crossing elsewhere when it can be done safely.

No. Pedestrians should cross without unnecessary delay and should not obstruct traffic by stopping or lingering on the road.

The raised surface itself does not necessarily determine priority. Drivers and pedestrians must follow the crossing markings, signs, signals and local rules.

Check for pedestrians approaching from both sides and give way where required. Turning drivers should not focus only on motor traffic.

Observe approaching traffic, make sure drivers have sufficient time to react and cross carefully. Priority does not remove the need to avoid stepping into the path of a vehicle that cannot stop safely.

A railway crossing is a place where a road or path crosses railway tracks at the same level.

It may also be called a level crossing or, particularly in North America, a railroad crossing.

It may be indicated by warning signs, crossbuck signs, barriers, flashing lights, bells or road markings. The design differs between countries.

A protected crossing uses full or partial barriers to block road traffic when a train approaches. A crossing without barriers relies on signs, lights, bells or the road user’s own observation.

Not necessarily. You must stop when required by lights, barriers, signs, an approaching train or an authorised person. At an unprotected crossing, slow down and proceed only after checking that no train is approaching.

Flashing red lights mean stop and do not enter the crossing. Remain stopped until the signal permits you to continue.

No. Do not enter while a barrier is lowering, rising or closed. Wait until the crossing is fully open and all prohibiting signals have stopped.

No. Never drive, cycle or walk around or underneath a closed or moving barrier.

A warning bell or audible signal normally means that the crossing is closing or that a train is approaching. Do not enter the crossing while it is sounding.

In some countries, a flashing white light indicates that the crossing equipment is operating and road users may pass when the route is clear. Its exact meaning depends on local law.

Reduce speed, look and listen carefully in both directions and cross only after making sure that no train or other rail vehicle is approaching.

Not automatically. Another train may approach on a second track. Wait until all warning signals stop and the crossing is fully open.

Do not enter the crossing unless there is enough room beyond the tracks for your entire vehicle. Never rely on traffic moving before a train arrives.

No. Railway tracks must always remain clear. Do not stop because of congestion, traffic lights or another obstruction beyond the crossing.

Overtaking is often prohibited or restricted because another vehicle can obstruct the view of an approaching train or warning signal. Follow local signs and overtaking rules.

No. Stopping or parking on the tracks creates an immediate and potentially fatal danger.

Yes. Pedestrians and cyclists must obey barriers, lights, bells and authorised personnel in the same way as other road users.

Where possible, cross the rails at an angle close to 90 degrees. Rails can trap a bicycle wheel, especially when they are wet or cross the road diagonally.

Make sure the entire vehicle and any trailer can clear the crossing without stopping. Consider the available space, road gradient, turning room and traffic beyond the tracks.

Observe all height restrictions and warning signs. Electrified railway lines may have overhead equipment that can be struck by an excessively high vehicle or load.

Treat the crossing with extreme caution. Do not assume that no train is approaching merely because the lights or barriers are not operating.

Evacuate everyone immediately, move well away from the railway and contact the emergency services or railway operator. Do not remain in the vehicle or return for belongings.

Not always. A railway crossing normally crosses tracks that are separate from the carriageway, while tram or street-running railway tracks may form part of the road itself.

A school area is a road or group of roads near a school where drivers should expect large numbers of children, pedestrians, cyclists and stopping vehicles.

It may be identified by school warning signs, speed-zone signs, flashing lights, road markings, coloured surfacing or traffic-calming measures. The signs differ between countries.

No. Special school-area rules normally apply only where signs, signals or local legislation establish them.

There is no universal school-area speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, region, signs and whether a variable restriction is active.

Some limits apply permanently, while others apply only during displayed times or when flashing or variable signs are active. Drivers must observe the actual sign arrangement.

Yes, when necessary. The displayed speed is a maximum. Children, congestion, poor visibility or vehicles stopping near the school may require a much lower speed.

Children may have difficulty judging speed and distance, may be hidden by parked vehicles and may enter the road unexpectedly.

Reduce speed early, increase your observation and be prepared for children crossing, cyclists changing direction, vehicle doors opening and cars stopping suddenly.

No. Priority depends on crossings, traffic lights, authorised crossing supervisors and local rules. Drivers must nevertheless take exceptional care to avoid endangering children.

Yes. Drivers and other road users must follow lawful instructions given by an authorised person controlling traffic for children.

This depends on local pedestrian rules. Drivers should remain prepared for children to cross unexpectedly, even where they are required to use a nearby crossing.

Not by itself. A school warning sign alerts drivers to children but does not normally create the legal effect of a pedestrian crossing.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules remain applicable unless another traffic arrangement provides otherwise.

Overtaking may be restricted by signs or local law. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when children, crossings, limited visibility or stopped vehicles make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Only where stopping is permitted and can be completed safely. Do not stop on a crossing, pavement, bike path, bus stop or another prohibited or dangerous location.

Follow the parking signs and markings. Do not block entrances, pavements, bike paths, crossings, visibility or access for buses and emergency vehicles.

It blocks traffic and visibility and may force children to walk between moving vehicles or enter the road from behind an obstruction.

Expect children to enter or leave the vehicle and possibly cross the road. Reduce speed and follow any special warning lights, signs or local school-bus rules.

Normally, yes. They must follow the applicable road, bike-path, speed and priority rules. Drivers should expect inexperienced young cyclists.

No. A school area normally remains open to traffic under special caution or speed rules. A school street temporarily restricts or excludes motor traffic during specified periods.

Not universally. A school area may form part of a Zone 30, use another speed limit or have a variable restriction that applies only at particular times.

They normally end at an end sign, at the end of the stated time period or when the variable signal is no longer active. The surrounding road rules then apply.

It warns that animals may enter or cross the road in the area ahead.

Depending on the symbol and local conditions, it may refer to deer, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wild boar or other animals.

It is commonly a triangular warning sign displaying the silhouette of an animal. The species shown may indicate the type of animal most likely to be encountered.

No. It indicates an increased likelihood of animals crossing, not that animals will be present every time.

No. The normal posted or general speed limit remains applicable, but drivers must reduce speed when necessary to react safely.

No automatic priority is created by the warning sign. Drivers must nevertheless avoid danger and allow animals already on the road to pass safely.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and scan the road, verges, fields and vegetation for movement or reflected eyes.

Animal activity is often greater around dawn, dusk and darkness, although animals may cross at any time.

Many animals travel in groups. When one animal crosses, others may follow immediately from the same direction.

Avoid unnecessary horn use or engine revving because it may frighten an animal and make its movement less predictable. Use a warning only when reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Use the appropriate lights without dazzling other road users. When an animal is visible, reduce speed and avoid relying on full beam to make it move away.

Slow down smoothly, stop when necessary and allow it enough time and space to leave. Avoid sudden acceleration or aggressive steering.

Avoid an uncontrolled swerve that could cause a collision with another vehicle, tree, barrier, cyclist or pedestrian. Brake firmly while maintaining control and steer only when a safe escape path is clearly available.

Pass only when the animals and their handlers have sufficient space. Drive slowly, avoid noise and be prepared for an animal to change direction unexpectedly.

Reduce speed, leave a large lateral distance and pass quietly. Avoid sounding the horn, accelerating sharply or passing when oncoming traffic prevents sufficient clearance.

Follow lawful instructions from an authorised person and cooperate with handlers controlling animals on or across the road.

The warning sign does not necessarily prohibit overtaking, but overtaking should be avoided when animals, limited visibility or approaching traffic make the manoeuvre unsafe.

Maintain enough following distance to see beyond the vehicle ahead. Be prepared for it to brake suddenly when an animal enters the road.

Reduce speed, keep both hands firmly in control and avoid sudden movements. Animals may react unexpectedly to quiet or fast-approaching two-wheeled vehicles.

Stop safely, activate the hazard warning lights and check for injured people. Contact the emergency services or police when necessary and do not approach a wounded wild animal, which may defend itself.

Normally not. Keep a safe distance and allow the police, wildlife authorities or an animal-rescue service to handle it.

Yes. Drivers remain responsible for observing the road and adjusting their speed even where no animal warning sign is displayed.

A road curve is a section where the road changes direction to the left or right.

It may be indicated by a triangular warning sign showing a curved line. The symbol normally indicates whether the first curve turns left or right.

A double curve consists of two curves in opposite directions. The warning sign normally shows the direction of the first curve.

Yes. A double-curve symbol may also warn of a longer sequence of successive curves. A supplementary panel may indicate the length of the winding section.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must still reduce speed when the permitted maximum would be unsafe.

Reduce speed before entering the curve, while the vehicle is travelling straight and has maximum stability.

No. Harsh braking in a curve can reduce stability and grip. Complete most braking beforehand and use smooth adjustments where necessary.

Maintain a controlled speed through the curve. Accelerate smoothly only when the exit becomes visible and the vehicle is stable.

Look towards the path you intend to follow and the visible exit of the curve. Continue checking the road surface, lane position and nearby traffic.

Yes. Do not cross the centre line or cut across another lane, even when this would make the curve appear easier to negotiate.

Buildings, vegetation, slopes, barriers and the road alignment may hide oncoming traffic, cyclists, pedestrians, stopped vehicles or debris.

Choose a speed that allows you to remain in your lane and stop within the distance you can see to be clear. The safe speed may be far below the legal maximum.

An advisory speed is a recommended safe speed for negotiating the curve under suitable conditions. It is not necessarily the legal maximum speed.

They reduce tyre grip and increase the risk of skidding. Reduce speed earlier, use smooth controls and leave additional distance from other vehicles.

Avoid sudden braking or steering. Reduce speed smoothly and follow a clear path without entering another traffic lane.

Do not overtake when visibility is insufficient to see approaching traffic and complete the manoeuvre safely. Local law, signs and continuous road markings may also prohibit overtaking.

Only where it is permitted and the vehicle remains clearly visible. Stopping or parking in a poorly visible curve may create a serious hazard and is often prohibited.

No. Leave enough distance to react if the vehicle ahead brakes for a hidden obstruction or a sharper part of the curve.

Motorcycles require grip for both cornering and braking. Riders should reduce speed before the curve, choose a stable line and avoid painted markings, gravel and slippery surfaces.

A trailer may sway, track closer to the inside of the curve or become unstable when speed and steering inputs are excessive. Enter slowly and steer smoothly.

Buses and trucks may move closer to lane boundaries because of their length and width. Other drivers should avoid travelling beside them through a tight curve.

Reduce speed, move safely towards your side of the road and avoid a sudden manoeuvre that could cause another collision. Sound a warning only when reasonably necessary.

No. Drivers must assess every curve and adapt their speed even when no warning sign is displayed.

Roadworks are construction, maintenance, repair or inspection activities carried out on or beside a road.

They may be indicated by a roadworks warning sign, cones, barriers, temporary markings, flashing lights, machinery or workers.

No, not by itself. A separate temporary or permanent speed-limit sign establishes the legal maximum speed.

Yes, when necessary. Narrow lanes, workers, machinery, poor surfaces, congestion or limited visibility may require a substantially lower speed.

Yes. Correctly installed temporary signs must be obeyed for as long as they are in force.

Follow the temporary markings that guide traffic through the works. Local law determines how they take priority over older permanent markings.

Yes. Stop at the line or signal when required and do not proceed until the applicable light permits it.

Obey instructions from workers or controllers who are legally authorised to regulate traffic. Their signals may temporarily replace the ordinary traffic arrangement.

Observe the signs and lane arrows, check mirrors and blind spots and merge safely into the continuing lane.

Zipper merging means that vehicles in an ending or blocked lane merge alternately with vehicles in the continuing lane near the narrowing during congested traffic.

This depends on local law and traffic conditions. Where zipper merging applies during congestion, use both lanes and merge near the narrowing. In flowing traffic, change lanes when a safe gap is available.

Without another traffic control, the driver whose route is obstructed commonly has to yield before moving into the path of approaching or adjacent traffic.

Yes. Temporary signals may allow only one direction at a time through a narrow section.

No. Do not enter a narrow section, intersection or temporary crossing when congestion may leave you stopped inside it.

No. Do not move, pass around or ignore traffic-control equipment unless an authorised person instructs you to do so.

Only when signs and markings permit it and sufficient width and visibility remain. Overtaking is often unsafe in narrow or shifted lanes.

Only where temporary and permanent signs permit it. Do not obstruct workers, machinery, emergency access or temporary pedestrian and cycle routes.

Expect workers to enter the road, machinery to move or reverse and vehicles to leave the worksite. Reduce speed and leave generous space.

Follow the signed temporary cycle route or lane. Check surrounding traffic carefully before leaving a closed or obstructed bike path.

Use the designated temporary walkway or crossing and follow barriers, signs, signals and instructions from authorised personnel.

Traffic may brake suddenly because of queues, lane changes, machinery, debris or changing signals. Additional distance provides more time to react.

Move to the safest available location where possible, activate the hazard warning lights and contact assistance. Avoid standing in a live or narrow traffic lane.

Yes. Rules concerning safe speed, following distance, signalling, priority and vulnerable road users continue to apply unless a lawful temporary arrangement changes them.

It means that drivers travelling on the indicated road have priority over traffic entering from intersecting roads at the next junction.

No. Priority at the next junction applies to one particular junction. A priority road normally keeps its priority across several junction until its status ends.

No. The term main road may describe a larger, busier or more important road, but legal priority is determined by traffic signs, signals and local rules.

It may be indicated by a priority-junction sign showing a thick line for the priority route and thinner lines for the roads that must give way.

Yes. On signs using a junction diagram, the thicker line normally represents the road followed by traffic with priority.

No. The priority route may turn left or right. A diagram or supplementary panel may show which branch retains priority.

They commonly face a give-way or stop sign, requiring them to yield to traffic on the priority route.

Not when legally placed signs establish another priority arrangement at that junction. Drivers must follow the actual signs rather than the ordinary default rule.

No. After passing the indicated junction, the priority arrangement at the next junction must be determined separately.

No. Approach at a safe speed and remain prepared for another road user to fail to give way.

No. Priority is not an obligation to continue. Slow down or stop whenever proceeding would create danger.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave your vehicle stopped inside the junction and obstructing other traffic.

No. The applicable general, zonal, posted or vehicle-specific speed limit remains in force.

No. Drivers must still yield to pedestrians where crossings, traffic signals or turning rules require it.

It regulates priority between traffic approaching the junction, but drivers must still respect continuing bike paths, cycle crossings and turning rules.

Yes, when following the route involves a change of direction and local law requires signalling. Priority does not remove the obligation to indicate.

No. An indicator communicates your intended movement but does not allow you to endanger or obstruct another road user.

Normally, yes. Priority over side-road traffic does not automatically give a left-turning driver priority over lawful oncoming traffic.

Functioning traffic lights normally control the junction instead of the priority signs. Local rules determine what applies when the lights are switched off or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over signs, signals and ordinary priority rules.

No. Overtaking remains subject to the ordinary rules, visibility, road markings and any separate prohibition signs.

No. The ordinary stopping and parking rules and any local signs or markings remain applicable.

The special priority indicated by the sign has been completed. At later junctions, follow the signs, signals or default priority rule applying there.

Traffic lights are signals that use coloured lights, arrows or road-user symbols to regulate traffic movements.

A red light requires road users to stop before the stop line or signal and remain stopped until movement is permitted.

A steady amber light normally requires drivers to stop unless they are already too close to stop safely. It warns that the signal is changing to red.

A green light permits road users to pass the signal, but only when the route is clear and the intended movement is otherwise legal.

No. You may still have to give way to pedestrians, cyclists, oncoming traffic or other road users when turning or following a conditional arrow.

No. Do not enter when congestion is likely to leave you stopped inside the intersection and obstructing crossing traffic.

Stop before the stop line. When no stop line is provided, stop before the traffic light or at another legally prescribed position.

No. The required stop must normally be completed before the stop line. Do not stop on a pedestrian or cycle crossing.

Stop when this can be done safely. Continue only when you are already too close to stop without creating danger.

No. Do not accelerate to avoid stopping. Maintain control and stop unless doing so safely is no longer possible.

They have the same general meaning as circular lights, but the prohibition or permission applies only to the direction shown by the arrow.

It may permit travel in the indicated direction while other movements remain prohibited. Drivers may still have to give way to conflicting traffic and pedestrians.

Not universally. Drivers must follow the complete local sign arrangement. A traffic signal does not necessarily cancel a separate regulatory prohibition.

Only where local law or a specific sign or signal expressly permits it. There is no universal right to turn on red.

It warns of a potential hazard and normally allows cautious passage. The ordinary priority arrangement remains applicable.

Reduce speed, observe the intersection carefully and follow the applicable priority signs or default priority rules.

Its meaning depends on local law. At railway crossings and some movable bridges, flashing red lights normally require road users to stop.

A red cross normally closes the lane, a green downward arrow opens it and an amber diagonal arrow instructs drivers to leave the lane in the indicated direction.

No. Move out of the lane safely before reaching the red cross unless an authorised person or emergency rule directs otherwise.

It warns that the lane is closing or unavailable ahead. Drivers must move into the adjacent lane indicated by the arrow when safe.

Yes. A signal displaying a bicycle symbol applies to the road users legally covered by that signal rather than to general motor traffic.

Yes. Pedestrian lights normally use red and green human figures to indicate whether pedestrians may begin crossing.

It normally warns that the crossing period is about to end. Pedestrians who have not started should wait for the next green signal.

A person who entered lawfully should continue without unnecessary delay. Turning drivers must allow the crossing to be completed safely.

Yes. Public-transport signals may use bars, circles, triangles or other symbols that apply only to authorised service vehicles.

They commonly replace the priority arrangement at that location. Priority signs may apply again when the normal signals are inactive or flashing.

Yes. Instructions from an authorised traffic controller normally take precedence over lights, signs, markings and ordinary rules.

Reduce speed and follow the priority signs, temporary signals, authorised personnel or default priority rules that apply.

Yes, when you entered lawfully and must leave the intersection. Complete the movement cautiously without endangering other road users.

No. Drivers may proceed but must continue at a safe and legal speed.

This depends on local law. In many countries, a driver temporarily stopped in traffic is still considered to be driving and may not use a handheld device.

A driving licence is an official authorisation to drive specified categories of motor vehicle.

The terms may refer to the same document, depending on the country. Some countries use permit specifically for learners or temporary authorisations.

A provisional or learner licence allows a person to practise driving under specified restrictions before obtaining a full licence.

A full licence is issued after the holder has completed the required tests or training. Restrictions may still apply because of age, vehicle type, medical fitness or licence codes.

No. Driving licences are divided into categories for motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, trailers and other vehicles.

A licence category identifies the type and size of vehicle the holder is authorised to drive.

Yes. Holding a licence for one category does not normally authorise driving a vehicle belonging to another category.

Yes. Codes may restrict the holder to an automatic transmission, corrective lenses, an adapted vehicle or another specified condition.

In some countries, passing the test in an automatic vehicle restricts the holder to automatic vehicles until an additional test or procedure is completed.

Usually, yes. The document, individual categories or medical authorisation may have expiry dates and require renewal.

No. The licence and the category required for the vehicle must remain valid.

This depends on local law. Many countries require drivers to carry the original licence and present it to an authorised officer when requested.

Not normally. A photograph, scan or photocopy is not generally a substitute for the original document unless an official digital-licence system is legally recognised.

No. It proves driving authorisation, not ownership, registration or insurance.

Requirements may include a theory test, eyesight test, practical driving test, medical examination or compulsory training.

No. Minimum ages differ between countries and vehicle categories.

Only where the provisional-licence system permits independent driving. Other learners must be accompanied by an approved supervisor or instructor.

Often not. Provisional and learner licences are frequently valid only in the country or region that issued them.

An international driving permit is a standardised translation of a valid national licence intended to help authorities interpret it abroad.

No. It normally has legal value only when presented together with the valid national driving licence on which it is based.

This depends on the destination, length of stay, residence status and agreements between the countries concerned. An exchange or international permit may be required.

Some countries exchange recognised foreign licences without new tests, while others require theory, practical or medical examinations.

Yes. A medical condition may require an assessment, shorter validity period, adapted vehicle or licence restriction.

This depends on local law. Drivers remain responsible for ensuring that they are physically and mentally fit to drive safely.

Often, yes. Drivers of trucks, buses, taxis or vehicles used commercially may require professional competence, medical examinations or periodic training.

The holder may not drive during the suspension period, even if the physical document remains in their possession.

Disqualification is a legal prohibition on driving, usually imposed by a court or competent authority for a specified period or until conditions are fulfilled.

Report it where required and apply for a replacement through the competent licensing authority. Do not continue driving when local law requires the original document to be carried.

Request a replacement when the document is unreadable, damaged or no longer allows the holder to be identified reliably.

This depends on the country and whether the address appears on the licence. Drivers must follow the local notification and replacement procedure.

A traffic mirror is a convex roadside mirror that helps road users see around an obstruction or into a road with limited visibility.

They may be placed near intersections, narrow roads, bends, car-park exits, private driveways, tunnels or other locations where buildings, vegetation or road geometry obstruct the view.

A convex surface provides a wider field of view than a flat mirror, allowing more of the approaching road to be seen.

No. The reflected image is distorted, and objects normally appear smaller and farther away than they really are.

Not reliably. The curved image makes it difficult to estimate how fast another road user is approaching.

No. Distance can appear greater than it really is, so an approaching vehicle may reach the intersection sooner than expected.

Yes. Its position and viewing angle may leave parts of the road outside the reflected image. Small cyclists, motorcycles or pedestrians may also be difficult to notice.

No. It does not change priority. Drivers must continue to follow stop signs, give-way signs, traffic lights and the ordinary priority rules.

No. Another road user may be outside the reflected area, hidden by glare or too small to notice. Always check the road directly before proceeding.

Yes. The mirror does not replace the mandatory complete stop. Stop at the prescribed position, then use direct observation and the mirror as additional information.

Yes. You may proceed only when traffic with priority can continue without being forced to brake, stop or change direction.

Approach slowly, stop when required and scan the mirror for movement. Then look directly in both directions and continue only after confirming that the road is clear.

No. Alternate between the mirror and direct observation. The mirror should supplement rather than replace normal checks.

Yes. Rain, water droplets and spray may blur or partially obscure the reflected image.

Yes. Dew, condensation, frost, ice or snow may make the mirror difficult or impossible to use.

Yes. Sunlight may create glare or reflections that hide approaching road users.

Yes. Reflected headlights may make it difficult to determine the exact direction, distance or speed of an approaching vehicle.

Yes. Wind, impacts, vandalism, vibration or temperature changes may alter its orientation and make the reflected view inaccurate.

Do not rely on it. Proceed with additional caution and report the defect to the responsible road authority or property owner.

No. The applicable road or posted speed limit remains in force, but restricted visibility normally requires a lower approach speed.

No. Use the horn only where local law permits it and a warning is reasonably necessary to prevent danger.

Yes. It may help them observe approaching traffic, but they must also look directly and follow the applicable crossing and priority rules.

A mirror may generally be installed on private property with the owner’s permission, subject to local rules. Installing one on, above or beside a public road normally requires permission from the road authority.

No. Removing vegetation, relocating parking, improving the intersection layout or changing traffic circulation may provide a safer and more reliable solution.

It means that a driver may not voluntarily stop the vehicle in the restricted area. The prohibition normally includes stopping to pick up or drop off passengers or to load or unload goods.

No stopping is the stricter restriction. A no-parking rule may still allow a brief stop for activities such as picking up passengers or loading goods, while a no-stopping rule prohibits these voluntary stops as well.

A driver may have to stop because of an emergency, traffic conditions, a red light, police instructions or another situation outside the driver's control. Such compulsory stops are generally different from voluntarily stopping the vehicle.

Check behind and around the vehicle for pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles and obstacles. Use mirrors and cameras where available, but also look directly because monitoring systems can have blind spots.

In many countries, reversing is treated as a manoeuvre and the reversing driver must give way to other road users. The exact legal requirements depend on national traffic rules.

No. Reversing should normally be limited to the distance necessary to complete the manoeuvre safely. Driving forward generally provides better visibility and vehicle control.

A licence plate is a plate displaying the registration identifier assigned to a vehicle. It allows authorities and other authorised systems to identify the vehicle's registration.

Yes. Licence plate, registration plate and number plate are different terms commonly used for the plate displaying a vehicle's official registration number.

Most motor vehicles used on public roads must display one or more registration plates, but requirements differ for motorcycles, trailers, agricultural vehicles and other special vehicle categories.

This depends on the country and vehicle type. Cars commonly require front and rear plates, while motorcycles and certain other vehicles may require only a rear plate.

Yes. A required registration plate must normally remain clearly visible and readable. It should not be hidden by luggage, dirt, accessories or other objects.

Generally no. Changing the characters, colours, dimensions or appearance of an official plate may make it invalid or illegal. Plates and authorised reproductions must comply with local specifications.

Follow the local reporting and replacement procedure. Many countries require the loss or theft to be reported to the police or vehicle-registration authority before a replacement plate can be issued.

A plate must remain legible and compliant with local requirements. If damage prevents it from being read or makes it invalid, it should be replaced according to the local registration procedure.

Some countries allow motorists to request a personalised registration combination. The available characters, formats and prohibited combinations are determined by the registration authority.

This varies between countries. In some systems the plate remains with the vehicle, while in others it remains associated with the registered holder and may be retained or returned when the vehicle is sold.

A charging station is a location where electric vehicles can be connected to an electricity supply to recharge their batteries. A station may contain one or several individual charging points.

Charging stations are intended for vehicles that can be externally charged, such as battery-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The exact vehicle categories permitted may be indicated by local signs or operator conditions.

Not necessarily. A space beside a charger may be reserved for electric vehicles or vehicles that are charging. Drivers must check the signs and markings before parking there.

Not where the parking space is officially reserved for electric vehicles. An ordinary parking space located near a charger may be different, so the applicable signs and markings determine who may park there.

This depends on the local traffic and parking rules. Many charging spaces require the vehicle to be connected to the charger, even if the vehicle itself is electric.

Charging may be free or subject to payment. The price and payment method are determined by the charging operator, while separate parking charges may also apply.

Yes. Traffic signs, parking regulations or charging conditions may establish a maximum duration to encourage drivers to move their vehicles and make the charger available to others.

Follow the local parking rules and charging conditions. Some locations require vehicles to leave after charging or impose additional fees or time limits when the charging session has ended.

No. A charging station does not allow a driver to ignore no-parking rules, reserved spaces, time limits or other traffic regulations. The vehicle must still be legally parked.

No. Charging stations can provide different charging powers. Some are intended for longer parking periods, while high-power chargers can recharge compatible vehicles much more quickly.

A bus is a motor vehicle designed to transport a relatively large number of passengers. It may be used for public transport, school transport, private services or other passenger transport.

A bus is commonly designed for frequent passenger boarding and may allow standing passengers, while a coach is generally designed for longer journeys with passengers seated. Exact legal definitions vary between countries.

Yes. Driving a vehicle designed to carry more than a specified number of passengers normally requires a dedicated bus or passenger-vehicle driving licence.

Only when the vehicle is designed and approved to carry standing passengers. Coaches and other vehicles designed exclusively for seated passengers must not be used beyond their approved passenger configuration.

Where seat belts are provided and local law requires their use, passengers must wear them correctly. Urban buses designed for standing passengers may have seating positions or operating conditions that differ from coaches.

Yes, where permitted. Bus lanes are commonly reserved for public transport buses, although local signs may also allow taxis, bicycles or other specified vehicles to use them.

No. Some countries require other drivers to give way to buses leaving designated stops, particularly in urban areas, while others apply the normal merging rules.

Yes. Passengers may be boarding, leaving or crossing the road near the bus. Reduce speed where necessary and watch carefully for pedestrians emerging from behind or in front of the vehicle.

They can. Some countries impose lower maximum speeds on buses than on passenger cars, particularly on high-speed roads. Different limits may apply to buses and coaches.

Yes, normally. Buses that satisfy the applicable construction and access requirements may use motorways, but they must obey any vehicle-specific speed limits, lane restrictions and other local rules.

Police help enforce traffic laws, manage traffic, investigate collisions and respond to dangerous situations. They may also carry out roadside checks and direct road users.

Yes. Lawful directions given by an authorised police officer must be followed. In many countries, those directions take precedence over traffic lights, road signs and normal priority rules.

Slow down, follow the officer's directions and stop at a safe location as instructed. Do not make sudden movements or continue driving unless directed to do so.

Yes, where authorised by local law. A police officer controlling traffic may instruct road users to proceed even when a traffic light or sign would normally require them to stop.

Yes. Police may require drivers to provide documents such as a driving licence, vehicle registration, identification or proof of insurance according to local law.

Yes. Traffic police may conduct legally authorised alcohol and drug checks using procedures such as breath, saliva or other approved tests.

Yes. Roads or lanes may be temporarily closed or traffic diverted because of collisions, emergencies, investigations, public events or other safety concerns.

Reduce speed, remain alert and follow all directions. Do not enter a closed area or interfere with emergency personnel, and leave sufficient space for emergency vehicles.

Follow the local rules for priority vehicles. Drivers generally have to make sufficient space, give way and stop where necessary so that the emergency vehicle can pass safely.

Yes, where local law permits it. Police or another authorised authority may require a vehicle to be moved when it obstructs traffic, creates danger or must be removed for operational reasons.

An ambulance is a specially equipped vehicle used to provide emergency medical assistance and transport sick or injured people.

This depends on the local traffic rules and warning signals being used. Ambulances responding to emergencies commonly use flashing lights and a siren to indicate that other road users must make way.

Remain calm and make sufficient space for it to pass. Slow down or stop where necessary, but avoid sudden or dangerous manoeuvres.

Not necessarily in your exact position. Move or stop in a way that creates a safe passage without blocking an intersection, pedestrian crossing or another part of the road needed by the ambulance.

Emergency vehicles may be allowed to pass a red light during an urgent response under special legal conditions. The precise rules differ between countries, and the ambulance driver must still take appropriate precautions.

Many countries permit emergency vehicles to depart from certain normal speed rules during an urgent mission, subject to safety requirements and national legislation.

Yes, when responding to an emergency and legally permitted to do so. Other road users should create space and keep emergency corridors or access routes clear where required.

You should not use the passage created for an ambulance as a way to bypass congestion. Maintain a safe distance and continue to obey the normal traffic rules.

No. The use of warning lights and sirens depends on the urgency of the mission and local regulations. An ambulance transporting a patient does not necessarily need to use emergency signals throughout the journey.

Reduce speed and remain alert. Medical personnel, patients or other emergency workers may be entering the road, and the ambulance may need to move unexpectedly.

A pothole is a hole or depression that develops in a road surface when the pavement becomes damaged or deteriorates.

Potholes can develop through a combination of water, temperature changes, traffic loads and deterioration of the road material. Cracks can gradually expand until pieces of the surface break away.

A pothole can cause a vehicle to change direction suddenly, lose stability or suffer tyre, wheel or suspension damage. Deep potholes can present a particularly serious hazard at higher speeds.

Reduce speed when necessary, maintain control of the vehicle and avoid abrupt steering or braking. Only move around the pothole when this can be done safely without endangering other road users.

If possible, reduce your speed before reaching the pothole. Sudden heavy braking or steering while passing over a damaged surface can make the vehicle less stable.

Yes. A pothole can disturb the steering or balance of a motorcycle and may cause the rider to lose control.

Yes. Bicycle wheels can be strongly affected by deep holes or sharp edges, particularly when the cyclist has little time or space to avoid the hazard.

Yes. Severe impacts can damage tyres, wheel rims, suspension components, steering parts or wheel alignment.

No. A sudden evasive movement may create a greater danger by bringing the vehicle into conflict with cyclists, pedestrians, oncoming traffic or vehicles in another lane.

Yes. Depending on the country's traffic-sign system, an uneven-road or general-danger warning sign may be used where poor road conditions create a significant hazard.

A path is a relatively narrow route intended primarily for pedestrians and, where permitted, other road users or small vehicles.

Not necessarily. A footpath is specifically intended for pedestrians, while a path may also permit cyclists or other users according to local rules.

No. A cycle path is specifically designated for bicycles and other permitted users. An ordinary path does not automatically have that legal status.

This depends on the legal status, width and signs applying to the path. Some paths permit cyclists, while others are reserved for pedestrians or particular users.

This depends on local law. Some paths prohibit motor vehicles entirely, while narrow vehicles may be permitted on other paths unless traffic signs restrict access.

Yes. A narrow path can legally form part of the public-road network even when it is unsuitable for ordinary cars.

No. Paths can be paved, gravelled, compacted or unsurfaced depending on their location and purpose.

Yes. Signs can reserve a path for particular road users or prohibit certain vehicles, regardless of whether they could physically fit on it.

The applicable local priority rules determine who must give way. Special rules often apply when a minor path joins an ordinary road.

Yes, where both are permitted. Faster users should adapt their speed and avoid endangering or unnecessarily obstructing pedestrians.

Yes. At the crossing, users must follow the applicable priority signs, traffic lights, road markings and general right-of-way rules.

No. Its legal classification depends on the definitions and regulations of the country concerned. A narrow route might instead be a footpath, cycle path, private access road or another type of facility.