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1. Road surface

A road surface (also called pavement) is the top layer of a road that vehicles and pedestrians travel on. It is designed to provide a smooth, durable, and safe surface for transportation.

• Causes of Uneven Surfaces:
  • Roadwork or resurfacing in progress.
  • Potholes, cracks, or patchwork repairs.
  • Sunken manholes or drains.
  • Frost heave (caused by freezing and thawing).
  • Tree roots pushing through pavement.
  • Erosion or shifting ground.
• How It Affects Driving:
  • Reduces vehicle stability.
  • Can cause bouncing or jolting.
  • May damage tires, suspension, or alignment.
  • Can make steering or braking more difficult.

Warning for uneven surface. (Berlin-Blankenfelde, Germany) © Wikimedia.org/Lukas Beck, CC BY