Traffic rulesWorldwide

A motorway is normally identified by a special motorway sign at its entrance. It commonly has separate carriageways, controlled entrances and exits, and no ordinary intersections or direct access to neighbouring properties.

Motorways are primarily intended for motor vehicles capable of travelling safely at motorway speeds. Pedestrians, cyclists, animals and certain slow vehicles are generally prohibited, but the exact access requirements differ between countries.

There is no universal motorway speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, road section, vehicle category and driving conditions. Posted or variable speed-limit signs may replace the general national limit.

Use the entrance or acceleration lane to observe motorway traffic and adjust your speed where possible. Enter only when there is a safe gap and follow the local priority and merging rules.

Move into the correct lane in good time and signal when required. Enter the exit or deceleration lane before reducing your speed, unless traffic, signs or road conditions require you to slow down earlier.

Follow the local keep-left or keep-right rule and any lane-direction signs. Lanes closer to the centre of the motorway are commonly used for overtaking, but lane-use rules differ between countries and vehicle categories.

Voluntary stopping and parking are normally permitted only in designated parking or service areas. Drivers may still have to stop because of congestion, an emergency or another unavoidable situation.

Reversing, making a U-turn and driving against the direction of traffic are generally prohibited. If you miss an exit, continue to the next suitable exit.

Move the vehicle out of the traffic lanes when this can be done safely, activate the hazard warning lights and follow the local breakdown procedures. Leave the vehicle safely, keep away from moving traffic and use a warning triangle or safety vest where required by local law.

A motorway normally has the highest level of access control and is governed by specific motorway rules. An expressway may have similar characteristics but may permit different road users or contain lower-standard junctions. The legal distinction varies between countries.

An expressway may be identified by a special road sign or by its road classification. It often has multiple lanes, limited access and junctions designed for faster traffic, but its exact appearance differs between countries.

No. A motorway normally has full access control and stricter design and traffic rules. An expressway may have partial access control, ordinary intersections, traffic lights or direct entrances. The legal distinction varies between countries.

Not necessarily. Many expressways have separate carriageways for opposing traffic, but some countries also classify undivided roads as expressways. Drivers should rely on local signs and road rules rather than the road’s appearance alone.

Expressways are generally intended for motorised traffic. Pedestrians, cyclists, animals, mopeds and slow vehicles may be restricted or prohibited, but the permitted road users depend on local law and traffic signs.

There is no universal expressway speed limit. The applicable limit depends on the country, road design, location, vehicle category and posted signs. An expressway sign does not always impose a particular speed by itself.

Yes. Unlike a motorway, an expressway may have level intersections, roundabouts, pedestrian crossings or traffic lights. Drivers must therefore remain prepared for crossing traffic and changes in priority.

Use an entrance or acceleration lane where one is provided, observe approaching traffic and enter only when there is a safe gap. Where the road has an ordinary intersection, follow the applicable priority signs and local rules.

Follow the local keep-left or keep-right rule, lane arrows and traffic signs. Lanes nearer the centre are commonly used for overtaking, but special lane restrictions may apply to heavy vehicles or particular destinations.

These actions are often restricted on expressways because of the speed and flow of traffic. Stop or park only where permitted, and never reverse or make a U-turn unless the road design and local rules clearly allow it.

Move the vehicle away from moving traffic when this can be done safely, activate the hazard warning lights and follow the local breakdown procedures. Use a warning triangle or safety vest where required and wait in a protected location away from traffic.

A residential area commonly contains homes, driveways, parked vehicles and local streets. It may also have special entrance signs, traffic-calming measures or shared road space, but its appearance and legal status differ between countries.

Not necessarily. A built-up area may include residential, commercial and industrial streets. A residential area is primarily associated with housing and local access and may form only one part of a larger built-up area.

No. In many countries, special residential-zone rules apply only where an official entrance sign is displayed. An ordinary neighbourhood may remain subject to the normal rules for the surrounding road or built-up area.

There is no universal residential-area speed limit. Some countries apply a very low limit in signposted residential or shared-space zones, while ordinary residential streets may follow the general built-up-area limit or a posted zone limit.

The rights of pedestrians depend on the country and the type of residential area. In some signposted shared-space zones, pedestrians may use the whole road and drivers must give them special consideration. On ordinary residential streets, the normal pedestrian and crossing rules may apply.

Playing may be expressly permitted in certain legally designated residential or shared-space zones. This is not automatically allowed on every residential street. Drivers should nevertheless remain especially alert for children, who may enter the road unexpectedly.

Residential areas are normally accessible to local motor traffic, cyclists and pedestrians, but additional signs may restrict certain vehicles or through traffic. A residential area is therefore not necessarily a pedestrian-only zone.

Drive at a speed that allows you to stop safely, watch both sides of the road and expect pedestrians, cyclists, children, pets and vehicles emerging from entrances. Leave enough space and avoid unnecessary acceleration, noise or aggressive overtaking.

Overtaking is not universally prohibited, but it may be restricted by local law, signs or road design. Even where it is permitted, drivers should not overtake when the limited space or presence of vulnerable road users makes it unsafe.

Follow the local parking signs, markings and general parking rules. Do not block entrances, pavements, crossings, sight lines or the passage of other road users. Special residential zones may permit parking only in designated spaces.

Motor vehicles are normally still permitted in a residential area, although they may be subject to strict speed and parking rules. In a pedestrian zone, vehicle access is generally prohibited or limited to specific users, purposes or times.

A built-up area commonly contains closely spaced buildings, local streets, intersections, pavements, pedestrians and regular access to properties. Some countries use official entrance and exit signs, while others define built-up roads through street lighting or other legal criteria.

Not necessarily. A legally defined built-up area may cover only part of a town or may include several connected settlements. Administrative boundaries and traffic-law boundaries do not always coincide.

No. A built-up area may contain residential, commercial, industrial and public streets. A residential area is mainly associated with housing and may form only one part of a built-up area.

In many countries, the area begins and ends at official traffic signs. In others, road lighting, development or another legal definition determines whether a road is inside a built-up area. Drivers should not rely only on the appearance of the surroundings.

There is no universal built-up-area speed limit. The default limit differs between countries and regions, and traffic signs may impose a lower or higher limit on a particular road or throughout a zone.

The general limit normally applies unless a traffic sign, road category or special rule establishes another limit. Major urban roads may have a higher signed limit, while residential streets, school areas and city centres may have lower limits.

This depends on local law and the type of sign. A local speed restriction may end at the next intersection in some countries, while a zonal speed limit normally continues until an end-of-zone sign.

No. Pedestrians do not automatically have priority everywhere merely because they are in a built-up area. Their priority depends on crossings, traffic signals, shared-space rules and local law. Drivers must nevertheless remain especially alert for pedestrians.

Adjust your speed, watch both sides of the road and expect frequent changes in traffic. Be prepared for pedestrians crossing, cyclists changing position, buses leaving stops, opening vehicle doors and vehicles emerging from side roads or driveways.

Some countries apply additional stopping and parking restrictions inside built-up areas. Drivers must follow signs, markings and local rules and must not obstruct pavements, crossings, entrances, cycle facilities or visibility at intersections.

A built-up area is a broader traffic-law area that may contain many different roads and activities. A speed zone imposes a particular maximum speed throughout the signed zone and may be located inside or outside a built-up area.

The rules end at the legally defined boundary, which may be indicated by an end-of-built-up-area sign. After that point, the rules and default speed limits for roads outside built-up areas normally apply.

A traffic zone is a defined area in which a particular restriction, prohibition or obligation applies throughout the included roads rather than only at one location.

A traffic zone normally begins with a zone-entry sign showing the applicable rule. A corresponding end-of-zone sign indicates where that rule stops applying.

An ordinary sign usually applies to a particular road, direction, lane or section. A zone sign applies throughout a designated area, which may contain several roads and intersections.

Usually, yes. A zonal rule commonly continues through intersections until an end-of-zone sign is reached. The exact effect of intersections depends on local law.

A traffic zone normally ends when you pass the corresponding end-of-zone sign. The normal road rules or another signed regulation then apply.

Yes. A zone may contain several regulations, such as a speed limit together with parking or access restrictions. Drivers must observe every applicable sign.

Yes. A local sign may introduce a different or more restrictive rule on a particular road or section. Whether the original zonal rule resumes afterwards depends on local law and the type of regulation.

Common examples include speed zones, parking zones, low-emission zones, pedestrian zones, cycling zones, school zones and zones restricting particular vehicle categories.

No. A built-up area is a broader legally defined urban area. A traffic zone imposes a specific signed rule and may be located inside or outside a built-up area.

No. A residential area describes an area mainly used for housing. It may contain one or more traffic zones, but the terms do not automatically have the same legal meaning.

Not necessarily. The sign, symbol or additional panel may limit the rule to particular vehicles, road users, times or circumstances.

Observe the entrance sign carefully, identify every displayed rule and remember that the regulation may continue across several roads and intersections until the zone ends.

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed permitted on a road, lane or within a designated area. It does not require drivers to travel at that speed.

A speed limit is commonly displayed as a number on a regulatory traffic sign. General limits may also apply automatically because of the country, road category, vehicle type or surrounding area, even when no speed-limit sign is present.

No. It is the highest speed legally permitted under suitable conditions. Drivers must reduce their speed whenever travelling at the limit would be unsafe.

Yes. Drivers should travel more slowly when required by traffic, weather, visibility, road conditions or nearby vulnerable road users. Driving unnecessarily slowly may nevertheless be prohibited when it obstructs normal traffic.

Not always. Lower limits may apply to heavy vehicles, buses, vehicles towing trailers, novice drivers or other vehicle categories. The lowest applicable limit must be respected.

A default speed limit applies automatically to a particular road type or area when no traffic sign indicates another limit. Examples include general limits for motorways, built-up areas or roads outside built-up areas.

Usually, yes. A legally placed speed-limit sign normally introduces another maximum speed, although lower vehicle-specific or special-road limits may continue to apply.

A speed restriction normally begins at the location of the sign. Drivers should reduce their speed before passing the sign so that they are already travelling within the limit when it takes effect.

A signed limit may end at an intersection, an end-of-limit sign, another speed-limit sign or the beginning or end of a legally defined area. The exact rule differs between countries.

This depends on local law. An ordinary speed restriction may end at an intersection in some countries, while a zonal speed limit normally continues across intersections until an end-of-zone sign.

A speed zone is an area in which the displayed maximum speed applies throughout all included roads. The limit normally remains in force until the corresponding end-of-zone sign.

A variable speed limit is displayed on an electronic or changeable sign and may be adjusted according to congestion, weather, incidents or roadworks. When activated, it has the same legal importance as another applicable regulatory speed sign.

Yes. Signs positioned above individual lanes may impose different limits on those lanes. Drivers must observe the limit applying to the lane they use.

Yes. Temporary limits may be introduced near roadworks, collisions, hazards or special events. Drivers must follow the temporary traffic signs and instructions that are legally in force.

No. Overtaking does not normally permit a driver to exceed the applicable maximum speed. The manoeuvre must be completed safely while respecting the speed limit.

Some countries impose specific lower limits in rain, snow or other conditions. Even where the numerical limit does not change, drivers must reduce their speed sufficiently for the conditions.

A minimum speed is the lowest speed that vehicles are normally required to maintain on a particular road or in a specified traffic situation.

No. Safety takes priority. Drivers may need to travel more slowly because of congestion, poor weather, limited visibility, roadworks or another legitimate reason.

Minimum speeds can help reduce excessive differences in speed between vehicles and prevent unnecessarily slow traffic from obstructing normal traffic flow.

An advisory speed is a recommended speed intended to help drivers negotiate a road section or hazard safely.

No. An advisory speed normally provides guidance, while a regulatory maximum-speed sign establishes a legally enforceable speed limit.

Yes. Drivers should reduce their speed further whenever road, traffic, visibility or weather conditions make the recommended speed unsafe.

A footpath is a path or part of a road intended primarily for pedestrians.

Not necessarily. A pavement or sidewalk normally runs alongside a roadway, while a footpath may follow an independent route or pass through an area without an adjacent roadway.

Pedestrians are the primary users. Depending on the signs and local regulations, cyclists or other categories may also be permitted on shared paths.

Normally no when the path is specifically reserved for pedestrians. Cyclists may have to dismount unless local rules or signs allow cycling.

In many countries, a person walking a bicycle by hand is treated as a pedestrian and may therefore use pedestrian facilities, subject to local rules.

Normally no when the route is reserved for pedestrians. Limited access may sometimes be authorised for maintenance, emergency or other specific purposes.

Yes. A route may be designated as a shared pedestrian-and-cycle path. Users must follow any signs indicating how the space should be shared.

This depends on the local traffic rules and type of shared facility. Cyclists and other permitted users should always avoid endangering pedestrians.

Yes. Where a path crosses a roadway, pedestrians must follow the applicable crossing, priority and traffic-light rules.

Yes. Pedestrian paths can form part of the wider public-road network even though ordinary motor traffic may not use them.

Yes. Many countries use a specific pedestrian symbol to indicate a path reserved or compulsory for pedestrians.

Use the appropriate cycle facility or roadway. Where local law permits it, a cyclist may also dismount and continue as a pedestrian.

A bike path may be identified by a bicycle traffic sign, bicycle symbols, coloured surfacing or road markings. It may run beside the carriageway or follow a completely separate route.

Not always. A bike lane is normally marked directly on or beside the carriageway, while a bike path may be physically separated from motor traffic. The terminology and legal distinction vary between countries.

This depends on local law and the signs displayed. Some bike paths are mandatory, while others are optional. Cyclists may also be permitted to leave a path to turn, overtake or avoid an obstruction.

Yes. Some bike paths are two-way, but others may be used only in the direction indicated by signs, markings or their position beside the road. Cyclists should not assume that every path permits travel in both directions.

Pedestrians may use a bike path where it is designated as a shared-use path or where local law permits it. On a cycle-only path, pedestrians may be prohibited or permitted only when no suitable pedestrian facility is available.

This depends on the country, vehicle category, road speed and traffic signs. Some bike paths permit or require certain mopeds or speed pedelecs, while others are reserved exclusively for ordinary bicycles.

Normally not. Motor vehicles may cross a bike path to enter another road or property where this is permitted, but they must follow the applicable priority rules and must not endanger path users.

Priority depends on the road layout, signs, signals and local law. Drivers crossing a continuous bike path commonly have to give way to its users, but cyclists approaching a separate cycle crossing may not automatically have priority before entering it.

No. A marked cycle crossing does not universally give an approaching cyclist priority. Cyclists should enter cautiously and observe approaching traffic unless signs, signals or local rules clearly give them priority.

Some countries or local authorities impose specific limits, particularly on shared paths. Even without a posted limit, cyclists must travel at a safe and considerate speed for the width, visibility and number of other users.

Normally not. Stopping or parking on a bike path can force cyclists into motor traffic and may be expressly prohibited by law.

Reduce speed, give a clear warning where appropriate and leave sufficient space. Pedestrians may change direction unexpectedly, especially on a shared path.

Slow down and check surrounding traffic before leaving the path. Avoid the obstruction safely and return to the bike path when permitted and practical.

This depends on local law and the available width. Even where riding side by side is permitted, cyclists must not block, endanger or unnecessarily hinder other path users.

A bike path is intended primarily or exclusively for cycling. A shared-use path is legally intended for cyclists together with pedestrians or other indicated road users, who must use the space considerately.

A shared-use path is a path or part of a road intended to be used by both pedestrians and cyclists.

Not necessarily. A cycle path is primarily intended for cyclists, while a shared-use path is specifically intended to accommodate pedestrians and cyclists together.

Not always. On a genuinely shared path, both categories may use the same space. Other facilities may divide pedestrians and cyclists into separate sections using signs, markings or physical separation.

Yes. Cyclists should adapt their speed when approaching or passing pedestrians and leave sufficient space to avoid creating danger or discomfort.

Yes, where appropriate. An audible warning can help alert pedestrians before a cyclist passes, but it should be used considerately and does not give the cyclist priority.

No. The applicable priority and conduct rules depend on local law. On a shared facility, cyclists should expect pedestrians to move within the available space.

This depends on the signs and local vehicle classifications. Some shared facilities are limited to pedestrians and bicycles, while others also permit specified moped categories.

This depends on local law. Because speed pedelecs can travel substantially faster than ordinary bicycles, some countries or facilities exclude them from pedestrian-and-cycle shared paths.

Normally no. Motor vehicles may use such a path only where a specific exception or local rule permits access, for example for maintenance or emergency purposes.

Yes. At crossings, pedestrians and cyclists must follow the applicable traffic lights, priority signs, road markings and crossing rules.

Yes. Many shared-use paths carry pedestrians and cyclists travelling in both directions. Users should therefore remain alert for approaching traffic from ahead as well as users travelling in the same direction.

Reduce speed and be prepared to stop. Crowded conditions may make normal cycling speed unsafe even when no specific lower speed limit is posted.

A separated path is a route where pedestrians, cyclists or other permitted users have clearly designated sections rather than sharing the same space.

The sections may be separated by a painted line, different paving materials, a kerb, verge or another physical division. Traffic signs may also show which side each category should use.

No. On a shared-use path, pedestrians and cyclists normally use the same space. On a separated path, each category has its own designated section.

Pedestrians should use the section indicated for pedestrians by the signs, symbols, markings or layout of the path.

Cyclists should use the section designated for bicycles and should avoid unnecessarily entering the pedestrian section.

Normally they should remain in the pedestrian section where one is specifically provided. Local rules may nevertheless allow exceptions where their designated section is obstructed or unusable.

Normally no. Cyclists should remain in the cycling section unless local rules specifically permit otherwise or they dismount and become pedestrians.

This depends on the traffic signs and local vehicle classifications. Some separated facilities also permit specified moped categories on the cycling section.

Yes. The cycling section may carry traffic in one or both directions depending on the signs and local road arrangement.

Users should approach carefully and follow any priority signs, markings or crossing rules. Neither category should assume priority simply because they are using a separated path.

Yes. At the crossing, users must follow the applicable traffic lights, priority rules and road markings.

Separation can reduce conflicts between users travelling at different speeds and provide a clearer and more predictable route for both pedestrians and cyclists.

A pedestrian warning alerts drivers that pedestrians may be crossing or entering the road ahead.

They are commonly placed near pedestrian crossings or other locations with significant pedestrian activity.

Reduce speed when necessary, watch both sides of the road and be prepared to give way or stop for pedestrians according to the applicable traffic rules.

A road tunnel is a covered passage that carries a road through or beneath an obstacle.

Follow the local lighting rules and traffic signs. Many countries require dipped headlights in tunnels even during daylight, while general visibility rules may also require vehicle lights.

Yes. Additional distance gives more time to react to sudden congestion, a breakdown or another hazard where escape space may be limited.

Voluntary stopping and parking are generally prohibited or strongly restricted in road tunnels. Drivers should stop only where permitted or when traffic, an emergency or another unavoidable situation requires it.

Normally this should not be done unless specifically authorised or directed by emergency or traffic-control personnel. Motorway tunnels are additionally subject to the normal motorway prohibitions on reversing and U-turns.

Keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, follow traffic signals and instructions and avoid blocking emergency access. Switch on hazard warning lights where appropriate to warn following traffic.

Move into an emergency bay or other safe position if possible, switch on the hazard warning lights and follow the tunnel's emergency procedures. Use an emergency telephone or contact the emergency services where necessary.

Follow the emergency signs and instructions immediately. If evacuation is necessary, leave the vehicle and use the indicated emergency exit rather than remaining in a dangerous traffic or smoke-filled area.

Emergency exits provide a route away from the traffic tunnel during incidents such as a fire. Signs may indicate the nearest exit and the direction or distance to it.

Where necessary, removing dark sunglasses before entering can help your eyes adapt more quickly to the lower light level inside the tunnel.

Yes. Tunnels may have permanent or variable speed restrictions. Drivers must follow the speed limit currently indicated.

Yes. Certain tunnels may restrict vehicles carrying dangerous goods because an incident in an enclosed space can create additional risks. Follow all applicable tunnel-category and dangerous-goods signs.

A bridge is a structure that carries a road, path or railway over an obstacle such as a river, valley, railway or another road.

Yes. Road bridges may carry one or several traffic lanes and can also contain pavements, cycle facilities or public-transport infrastructure.

Yes. A bridge may have restrictions on the maximum vehicle mass or axle load that it can safely accommodate. Drivers of heavy vehicles must obey the applicable signs.

Yes. Narrow bridges or structures forming part of a bridge can have width, height or other dimensional restrictions indicated by traffic signs.

A movable bridge is a bridge that can open, lift, swing or otherwise move to allow ships or other traffic to pass beneath or through it.

Stop when required by the traffic lights, barriers or other signals and remain behind the designated stopping point until the crossing is reopened.

Yes. Bridge surfaces can become wet, icy or slippery and may sometimes cool differently from the surrounding road. Drivers should adapt their speed to the actual conditions.

Yes. Exposed bridges can be affected by crosswinds, particularly for motorcycles, bicycles, high-sided vehicles and vehicles towing trailers.

This depends on the local traffic rules, road layout and signs. Stopping or parking may be prohibited where it would create danger, obstruct traffic or reduce the available road width.

Yes, where permitted. Bridges may provide pavements, cycle paths or shared facilities, while high-speed or restricted bridges may prohibit certain road users.

Yes. Priority signs, traffic lights or other traffic-management measures may control which direction passes first where two-way traffic cannot safely meet.

Only when overtaking is legal and clearly safe. Limited width or visibility can make overtaking inappropriate even where no specific prohibition is shown.

A cycling street is a road where cycling is given a prominent position while motor vehicles may usually continue to use the road under additional restrictions.

It may be identified by special entrance signs, bicycle symbols, coloured surfacing or distinctive road markings. The legally required signs differ between countries.

No. A bike path is a separate part of the road or a separate route intended for cyclists. On a cycling street, cyclists and motor vehicles normally share the carriageway.

Not always. A cycling street may refer to one individual street, while a cycling zone may include several connected streets governed by the same rules. Local terminology varies.

Usually, yes. A cycling street is not normally closed to motor traffic, although access may be restricted by additional signs or local regulations.

This depends on local law. In some cycling streets, cyclists may use a larger part of the carriageway or ride in the centre of the lane. In others, the normal positioning rules continue to apply.

This depends on the rules of the country and the available road width. Cyclists may often ride side by side where this does not endanger or unlawfully obstruct other road users.

Some countries expressly prohibit motor vehicles from overtaking cyclists on cycling streets. Elsewhere, overtaking may remain permitted only when the legally required distance and other safety conditions can be respected.

Normally, cyclists may overtake other vehicles when the manoeuvre is permitted and can be completed safely. They must still observe local overtaking, lane and intersection rules.

There is no universal speed limit. Many countries impose a low maximum speed, commonly 30 km/h or less, but drivers must follow the signs and laws applying locally.

No. A cycling street does not normally give cyclists automatic priority at every intersection. Traffic lights, priority signs, crossings and the ordinary priority rules remain applicable.

Not necessarily. Pedestrians normally use pavements, crossings and other designated facilities. A cycling street is different from a pedestrian zone or residential shared-space area.

Stopping and parking depend on the ordinary rules and any local signs or markings. Vehicles must not block cyclists, pavements, crossings, entrances or other traffic.

No. Coloured surfacing may make the street easier to recognise, but it does not necessarily have legal meaning by itself. The official signs and local regulations determine which rules apply.

The special rules normally end at an end sign, the end of the designated street or another legally defined boundary. The exact rule differs between countries.

A pedestrian zone is an area where pedestrians are the principal road users and ordinary motor-vehicle access is prohibited or strictly restricted.

A pedestrian zone is normally identified by a special entrance sign. An end sign indicates where the pedestrian-zone rules stop applying.

No. A pavement is a part of a road intended for pedestrians. A pedestrian zone may include the entire width of one or more streets, squares or other public spaces.

Not always. Emergency vehicles, maintenance vehicles, public transport, delivery vehicles, residents or other authorised traffic may be permitted under local rules.

This depends on the traffic signs and local law. Cycling may be permitted at all times, during specified hours or not at all. Cyclists who are not permitted to ride may normally walk while pushing their bicycles.

Where cycling is permitted, cyclists must normally adapt their speed and avoid hindering or endangering pedestrians. They may be required to dismount when the zone is crowded.

This depends on how electric scooters are legally classified and on the signs displayed. They may be treated as pedestrians at very low speeds, as cyclists or as another vehicle category.

Usually, yes. Pedestrians may generally use the full width of the pedestrian zone, although marked sections may be reserved for authorised vehicles, cyclists or public transport.

Authorised drivers must normally travel cautiously, leave pedestrians sufficient space and stop when necessary. The precise priority rule depends on local law.

There is no universal numerical limit. Many countries require authorised vehicles to travel at walking pace or another very low speed.

Playing may be permitted because the area is primarily reserved for pedestrians, but this depends on local law. Children must still be supervised where authorised vehicles, cyclists or public transport are present.

Deliveries may be permitted during specified hours or under particular access conditions. Drivers must observe the information displayed at the entrance.

Taxis may be permitted to enter for passenger collection or drop-off, but access may be restricted to certain destinations, times or permit holders.

Parking is normally prohibited or limited to specially authorised places. Brief stopping for authorised loading, unloading or passenger access may be permitted under local rules.

Not necessarily. A pedestrian zone may include several connected streets and intersections. Its rules normally continue until the corresponding end sign is passed.

A pedestrian zone is primarily reserved for pedestrians and usually restricts motor traffic. A residential shared-space area normally permits general local traffic but imposes very low speeds and special pedestrian and parking rules.

The special rules normally end at an end-of-pedestrian-zone sign. The ordinary rules of the surrounding road or another signed zone then apply.

A speed bump is intended to physically reduce vehicle speeds. It encourages drivers to slow down in places where pedestrians, cyclists, children or local traffic may be present.

A speed bump is a raised section extending across all or part of the road. It may be marked with contrasting paint, road markings or warning signs to make it more visible.

No. A speed bump or speed hump normally has a rounded profile. A speed table has ramps leading to a longer, flat raised section that may contain an intersection or pedestrian crossing.

No. A speed cushion is a narrower raised device that does not cover the full width of a traffic lane. Its design may allow buses and emergency vehicles to pass with less disturbance while still slowing smaller vehicles.

No. The legal speed depends on the country, traffic signs and road type. Even when no special limit applies, drivers must cross the device at a speed that is safe for the road, vehicle and passengers.

Check surrounding traffic, reduce your speed smoothly and approach in a straight line where possible. Avoid sudden braking immediately before the bump.

Most of the necessary braking should be completed before reaching the raised surface. Cross at a steady, low speed and avoid harsh braking or acceleration while the wheels are on the device.

Normally not. Cross in the normal direction of the traffic lane unless the road layout requires otherwise. Driving diagonally may place the vehicle in the path of approaching or overtaking traffic.

Yes. Riders should reduce speed, keep the vehicle stable and cross as directly as possible. Painted or wet raised surfaces may provide less grip.

Not automatically. A speed bump does not by itself create a pedestrian crossing. Pedestrian priority depends on crossings, traffic signals, signs and local law.

No. The presence of a raised surface does not normally change the priority rules. Drivers must continue to follow traffic signs, signals and the ordinary intersection rules.

Overtaking may be restricted by local law or signs. Even where it is not expressly prohibited, drivers should avoid overtaking when the raised surface, limited space or nearby vulnerable road users make the manoeuvre unsafe.

This depends on local law. Stopping or parking may be prohibited because the vehicle could obstruct visibility, traffic flow or the purpose of the traffic-calming device.

A correctly designed speed bump should be crossed safely at an appropriate speed. Crossing too quickly may damage tyres, wheels, suspension, bodywork or cargo and may cause passengers discomfort.

Not necessarily. A special limit may apply only to the raised device, while a signed speed restriction or speed zone may continue beyond it. Drivers must follow the applicable signs and local rules.

Raised devices can affect passenger comfort, emergency response and large vehicles. Some roads therefore use speed tables, cushions or other traffic-calming measures designed to reduce these effects.

A toll road is a road or section of road for which a charge must be paid to use it. Tolls may also apply to particular bridges, tunnels or other road infrastructure.

Depending on the country, tolls may be paid at a toll booth, through an electronic toll system, vignette or distance-based charging system.

Not necessarily. Toll rates can vary according to vehicle type, size, weight, emissions, distance travelled or the particular road being used.

Customs is the government service that controls goods entering or leaving a country or customs territory, collects applicable duties and taxes, and enforces restrictions on prohibited or regulated goods.

A customs checkpoint is a control point where drivers and passengers may be required to stop, declare goods and present documents. Vehicles, luggage and cargo may be inspected in accordance with local law.

It may be indicated by signs displaying words such as Customs, Douane, Zoll or another local-language equivalent. Barriers, traffic lights, lane arrows and instructions from officers may also control access.

Yes, when the sign or officer requires it. Reduce speed, enter the indicated lane and stop at the line, barrier or place shown.

No. Customs primarily controls goods, money and cargo. Passport or immigration control concerns people, identity documents and permission to enter or leave a territory. Both controls may take place at the same border facility.

No. Several countries may form a customs union with no routine customs formalities between them. Some territories may also have a different customs status from the country to which they belong.

No. Some borders have permanent facilities, while others have mobile, temporary or selective controls. Borders within a customs union may have no routine customs checkpoint.

Yes. Depending on local law, checks may occur at ports, ferry terminals, airports, warehouses, inspection areas or inland road-control locations.

Reduce speed, observe the lane signs and be prepared to stop. Keep the required identification, vehicle, travel and goods documents accessible and follow the officers’ instructions.

Customs may request identification, vehicle documents, receipts, invoices, transport papers, customs declarations, permits or proof of ownership, depending on the journey and goods carried.

Goods exceeding duty-free allowances, commercial goods and certain restricted products may require a declaration. The applicable rules depend on the customs territory, journey, quantity, value and intended use.

Where these channels are used, the red channel is generally for travellers who have goods to declare or need assistance. The green channel is for travellers who believe they have nothing that must be declared. Using the green channel does not prevent an inspection.

Yes, subject to local law. Officers may examine luggage, cargo spaces, vehicle compartments and accompanying documents to verify that customs rules are being followed.

No. Duty-free allowances normally apply only within specified values, quantities and conditions. Restricted goods or quantities exceeding an allowance may still require declaration and payment.

Many countries require travellers carrying cash or other monetary instruments above a specified amount to make a declaration. The threshold, definition of cash and procedure differ between customs territories.

Ordinary personal belongings used during a journey are often admitted without duties, but newly purchased, high-value, commercial or restricted goods may be subject to special requirements.

Commercial goods normally require customs documentation and may be subject to duties, taxes, inspections, permits, origin rules and transit procedures. The driver must carry the documents required for the shipment.

Restricted goods may include certain foods, plants, animals, medicines, weapons, cultural objects, protected species, counterfeit products and hazardous materials. Requirements vary by country.

Undeclared goods may be detained or seized, and the traveller may have to pay duties, taxes, fines or other penalties. Serious cases may lead to criminal proceedings.

Follow the instructions of authorised customs, police and border officers, together with traffic lights, barriers, lane signals and road signs.

A one-way road is a road or carriageway on which vehicles may travel only in the designated direction.

One-way traffic is normally indicated by a one-way sign at the entrance and a no-entry sign at the opposite end. Lane arrows and road markings may provide additional guidance.

No. A one-way sign confirms the permitted direction of travel. A no-entry sign prohibits drivers from entering from the opposite direction.

It may apply to an entire road, one carriageway, a particular lane or only a designated section. Drivers must follow the signs and markings applying to the part of the road they use.

Yes. On a divided road, each carriageway normally carries traffic in one direction even though the road as a whole carries traffic in both directions.

Only when traffic signs or local law expressly permit contraflow cycling. Drivers should check supplementary signs and remain alert for cyclists approaching from the opposite direction.

Public-transport vehicles may use a contraflow lane where signs and road markings permit it. Other drivers may not use that lane unless they are also authorised.

No. The applicable speed depends on the country, road type, surrounding area and traffic signs.

No. Drivers must continue to follow traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary local priority rules.

No. The one-way designation regulates direction of travel, not priority. Traffic entering or crossing the road may still have priority under signs or local law.

Follow the local lane-positioning rules, lane arrows and destination signs. Drivers commonly keep to the normal side of the road unless overtaking, turning or choosing a marked lane.

Use the lane or side indicated for the intended direction. On many one-way roads, drivers turning towards the opposite side of the road may position themselves closer to that side before turning.

Overtaking may be permitted where there is sufficient space and no sign or rule prohibits it. The normal overtaking side and safety requirements continue to apply unless local law provides otherwise.

A short reversing manoeuvre may be permitted where local law allows it and it can be completed safely. Drivers must not use reversing to travel along the road in the prohibited direction.

You may not turn around and continue against the permitted direction. A U-turn may also be prohibited by signs or general traffic law.

This depends on local law, signs, markings and the available width. Some countries permit parking along either side, while others retain stricter positioning rules.

Yes. One-way traffic restrictions normally apply to vehicles using the carriageway, not to pedestrians using pavements or other pedestrian facilities.

Yes. Cyclists, buses, emergency vehicles or other authorised users may approach from the opposite direction. Drivers should check both directions before turning, crossing or opening a vehicle door.

Do not continue against traffic. Stop somewhere safe without creating additional danger and follow lawful directions to leave or correct the situation. Do not reverse blindly into an intersection.

The restriction may end at an end sign, an intersection, a change in road design or a sign warning that two-way traffic resumes. Follow the local signs and road layout.

A quay is a constructed waterside platform or road area beside a river, canal, harbour or other navigable water. It may be used by ships, vehicles, workers, pedestrians and loading equipment.

It warns that the road approaches or leads onto a quay, riverbank or waterside edge where a vehicle could enter the water.

It may. The road may lead directly towards the water, turn sharply near it or continue alongside an insufficiently protected edge. Drivers must observe the actual road layout.

Reduce speed early, remain in full control and watch for the road edge, barriers, bends, workers, pedestrians and moving equipment. Avoid sudden steering or braking close to the water.

No. Drivers must follow the posted or general speed limit and reduce their speed further when the road is narrow, wet, poorly lit or close to an unprotected edge.

No. It normally warns of danger rather than prohibiting access. Additional signs, gates or local rules may restrict particular vehicles or activities.

No. Drivers must continue to follow traffic lights, priority signs and the normal priority rules.

This depends on local signs and regulations. Do not stop or park where the vehicle could create danger, obstruct traffic, interfere with loading operations or block emergency access.

Only in a clearly authorised and suitable place. Leave sufficient space from the edge, apply the parking brake securely and follow any wheel-positioning or local parking instructions.

Overtaking may be legal, but it should be avoided when the road is narrow, visibility is limited or the manoeuvre would bring the vehicle close to the waterside edge.

Water, algae, mud, ice, fuel, oil or material from loading operations may reduce grip. Painted markings, rails and metal surfaces may also become especially slippery when wet.

Drivers may encounter pedestrians, cyclists, dock workers, cranes, forklifts, railway tracks, mooring equipment, reversing trucks and unsecured edges.

Large vehicles need more space to turn and may have limited visibility close to the cab or trailer. Soft edges, narrow roads and nearby equipment can make manoeuvring more difficult.

Pedestrian access depends on local rules. Where pedestrians are permitted, drivers should expect them to move between vehicles, vessels, buildings and loading areas.

Reverse only when necessary and when the route is clearly visible. Use a guide where available and never rely solely on mirrors or cameras when the vehicle could approach the water.

Reduce speed, use the required lights and look carefully for reflectors, barriers, road edges and people. Water and dark surroundings can make the boundary of the road difficult to recognise.

Do not assume that the route is safe. Slow down, identify the road boundary and follow signs or instructions from authorised personnel.

Leave the vehicle as quickly and safely as possible, help passengers where possible and contact the emergency services. Do not re-enter the water or vehicle to recover belongings.

A road slope is a section of road that rises or descends over a particular distance. It may also be called a gradient, incline or decline.

A steep slope may be indicated by a warning sign showing an ascending or descending road. The sign may also display the gradient as a percentage.

A gradient of 10% means that the road rises or falls approximately 10 metres for every 100 metres travelled horizontally. It does not mean that the road is inclined at 10 degrees.

An ascent rises in the direction of travel, while a descent falls in the direction of travel. The same section of road is therefore an ascent in one direction and a descent in the other.

Not normally. It warns of a hazard rather than setting a numerical limit. Drivers must still respect the applicable speed limit and reduce their speed further when necessary.

Reduce speed before the descent, select a suitable gear and maintain a safe following distance. Avoid allowing the vehicle to gain excessive speed.

Use a gear that provides sufficient engine braking and helps keep the vehicle at a controlled speed. The appropriate gear depends on the vehicle, gradient and road conditions.

No. Coasting reduces engine braking and may make it harder to control the vehicle’s speed. Keep the transmission engaged while descending.

Continuous braking on a long descent can cause the brakes to become excessively hot and lose effectiveness. Select a suitable gear, control speed early and use the brakes progressively when needed.

Brake fade is a reduction in braking performance caused by excessive heat. It can occur when the brakes are used continuously during a long or steep descent.

Select a suitable gear before the engine begins to struggle and maintain a steady speed where possible. Be prepared for heavy or low-powered vehicles travelling slowly ahead.

Yes. Heavy vehicles, vehicles towing trailers and low-powered vehicles may slow considerably. Other drivers should maintain a safe distance and avoid impatient manoeuvres.

Do not overtake when the crest prevents you from seeing far enough ahead. Overtaking near a hilltop may also be expressly prohibited by local law, signs or road markings.

The road surface itself may hide approaching traffic, stopped vehicles, pedestrians or other hazards beyond the crest.

Some countries give priority to uphill traffic, while others rely on signs or ordinary obstruction rules. Drivers must follow local law and cooperate when passing is difficult.

Reduce speed and use a passing place where available. The driver who can reverse or move aside more safely should cooperate, subject to any applicable priority signs or local rules.

They reduce traction and make acceleration, braking and steering more difficult. Increase the following distance, use smooth controls and reduce speed before entering the slope.

Cyclists may travel slowly and move less steadily when climbing, while they may reach high speeds when descending. Drivers should leave sufficient space and avoid overtaking without a clear view.

Use the parking brake, select the appropriate gear or parking position and follow local rules concerning wheel position. Make sure the vehicle cannot roll into traffic.

Yes. A trailer increases the load on the engine and brakes and may affect stability. Drivers should use a suitable gear, maintain additional distance and avoid excessive speed.

A bus lane is a lane reserved primarily for buses or other authorised public-transport vehicles. Its purpose is to help public transport move efficiently through traffic.

A bus lane may be identified by a bus-lane sign, lane markings, coloured surfacing or the word BUS painted on the road. The markings and colours differ between countries.

No. A bus lane forms part of a wider road arrangement, while a bus-only road may reserve the entire road for buses and other authorised users.

Buses operating authorised or scheduled services may normally use it. Other vehicles may enter only when the traffic signs or local regulations expressly permit them.

This depends on local law and the signs displayed. Some bus lanes permit licensed taxis, while others are reserved exclusively for buses.

Cyclists may use a bus lane where signs or local law permit them. They should remain alert for large vehicles, stops, passengers and buses moving towards the kerb.

Only where motorcycles are expressly permitted. Permission may apply to all motorcycles, particular times or specific bus lanes.

Yes. A sign may show days or hours during which the restriction applies. Outside those periods, the lane may become available to general traffic, subject to the local rules.

Not necessarily. The normal road or posted speed limit generally applies unless a separate restriction is displayed.

Some countries allow drivers to enter a bus lane shortly before a junction to make a turn. Drivers must follow the lane markings and enter only at the point where local rules permit it.

Usually, where necessary and permitted. A driver may need to cross it at an intersection or to enter or leave a property, parking area or side road. The driver must check carefully for buses, cyclists and other authorised users.

No. An unauthorised driver may not use the bus lane simply to overtake a queue or reach the front of traffic.

Stopping and parking are normally prohibited unless a sign or marked bay expressly permits them. A stopped vehicle can obstruct buses and force authorised lane users into general traffic.

Not universally. Some countries require drivers to allow a signalling bus to leave a stop, particularly inside built-up areas. Elsewhere, ordinary merging rules apply.

No. Traffic lights, priority signs and the ordinary intersection rules continue to apply unless special public-transport signals indicate otherwise.

Yes. A contraflow bus lane may carry authorised vehicles in the opposite direction from nearby general traffic. Drivers and pedestrians should check both directions before crossing.

Some countries use separate lights or symbols for public-transport vehicles. Only drivers authorised to use that lane should follow those signals, while other traffic follows its own lights.

Check mirrors and blind spots and look for buses, taxis, cyclists, motorcycles or other authorised vehicles. Their lane may be moving even when general traffic is stationary.

It may end at a sign, a change in road markings, an intersection or the end of its stated operating period. Drivers should follow the lane arrows and merge safely where required.